Marcus Brutus as a Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay

Marcus Brutus as a Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar In the play Julius Caesar, the tragedy of the play was directed mainly at matchless specific character, Marcus Brutus. Brutus was the tragic hero of the play, because of his idealistic and pragmatic qualities. The mindset that Brutus possessed only allowed him to see the world and its people from one point of affect. This point of view allowed him to make judgments that assumed only the best of people. This tragic weakness resulted in many errors throughout the play. The major incidences such as decisions do during the orchard soliloquy, the treatment with Cassius and the conspirators regarding decisions about Antony and the oath, his speech to the commoners after Caesars assassination and finally the outward circumstance regarding Titinius and Cassius in act 5. Brutus was too idealistic and lived in fantasy world in which he made all his decisions simply by expecting that all were as honest as himself. Brutus idealis m was displayed when he was reviewing his decision to kill Caesar while in his orchard. While evaluating his feelings towards Caesar, he stated, I know little personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general. Brutus felt that Caesar had not done anything incorrect, scarce was afraid of what might occur. He compared Caesar to a snake, which has the ability to sting. Just as one might step on the snake and be stung, Caesar might scourge anyone who interfered with his course of action. Brutus thinks about what Caesar could become and do, if he was given the power of the crown. A very descriptive metaphor was used to illustrate Brutus reasoning for killing That lowliness is unripened ambitions ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face... ...t. Shortly after, Brutus too realizes that he fighting a battle that trick not be won. His honour forces himself to run upon his sword, rather than to be captured by Octavius. Brutus made errors because he was an idealist, who though t that all men, including Antony were honourable. Brutus was a tragic hero in this play, because he was too idealistic. He often fell into negative circumstances that were beyond his control. His decision making was often affected by this, because he made all his decisions by expecting that all were as honourable as himself. The tragedy can be well outlined by reviewing his orchard soliloquy, discussions made with the conspirators, the speech to the commoners and the outward circumstance in the conclusion of the play. Brutus died because of his idealism, and did so because others were not as honourable and trustworthy as he was.,,,,

Children and Video Game Violence :: Entertainment Papers

Video game systems argon the basis for much discussion and argumentation in todays society. They have been or so since the 1970s and have allowed children to pass the time with an interactive way to leave this world and enter a new realm of imagination, where the creators of the games set the only guidelines. Children are allowed to see themselves as characters with amazing powers and the ability to do m each things. Many critics, however, worry children are not physically capable of understanding that games are not reality, and, therefore, cannot realize, in the real world, one cannot commit the acts they do while playing video games. Violence, for example, is found in more than half of all video games. pack worry that children who constantly view violence in this manner will learn to see violence as a proper action without any consequences. My paper is organized in a manner which allows you, the reader, to view and understand the points of many authors and their works w ithout having to read them in a boring, straight information, textbook form. startle is the dinner meeting, in which all of the authors of my sources came to my house for dinner and discussed much of their thoughts about these games. Following the dinner is my summary and analysis of their works, and, finally, my input and beliefs on the subject of the contradict effects of video games on children.The tabularise was set, and the food was out. The lights were low in my dining room as the chairs were set around my hardwood, darkly stained table with a burgundy tablecloth. The light reflected off of the side of the turkey breast, and the light rays bounced around inside the glass bowl containing green beans. No, it is not Thanksgiving dinner, but a nice meal for the writers of several sources on the topic of the effects of video games on children. Although the dark green walls of my rectangular dining room do not echo any sounds now, I know the room will soon be filled with lo ud debates and harsh discussions on a topic with which I am becoming more familiar. As the guests began to arrive, I did not know what to expect. The representatives from ABCNews were dressed like reporters the women in business suites and the men in ties.

Dell case Essay -- essays research papers

Case comprehensionDell Computer Corporation was founded in 1984 by Michel Dell, as a result of a growing demand for his pre-formatted hard-disks and upgraded IBM-compatibles.Within a year, Dell introduces its first own-design computer system and in 1989, the company introduces its first laptop. The first laptop introduced did not survive up to the Dell standards, and was therefore taken off the securities industry again.Dell had to solve the problem of balancing the production of laptops, desktops and servers. On the laptop market, which Dell was move to re-enter due to its growing customer base, there were a number of technological problems. Dell had hired John Medica, lead developer of Apple computers Powerbook line, and according to him, only one of the laptops being developed would be able to compete on the market. However, it would take rough time before it was fully developed, so Dell had to reject their customers demand for laptops. In doing so, Dell made the customers un derstand that it would not take forever. Dells way to admittance the fact that the company was not able to fulfil the customers wishes, was through honesty. The question was whether this strategy was an advantage for Dell or not.The brand Dell? which serves various consumer segments, is efficiently delivering attributes such as good quality computers along with operative support services. Dell takes position in direct communication with customers and delivers build-to-order computers. The value created by use the direct model to sell customized products and by providing on-site service ranked Dell between market leaders IMB, Compaq, HP. It represents good performance machines at a reasonable price as hale as unique and distinctive Direct Model? while targeting corporate, medium and small sized businesses and home business leader consumers. The advantage of a strong brand, investment in R&D and direct communication with the customers could successfully lead the company into the laptop market. However, the laptop market differs from the desktop market in a number of ways. For Dell the master(prenominal) problem will be the manufacturing process. When producing laptops, most parts will be delivered by suppliers and Dell just ads the last parts. This limits the degree of customization possible and since one of Dells most important distinguishing features is computer customization, the company risks not att... ... companys desire to experiment without being afraid of taking risks that could bring failure as well. The IT industry is ever changing, and being innovative is a must if a company wishes to be successful.?Weaknesses- The need to form market share in the laptop market from nothing.- Reentering the market causes further production costs (investments in vernal technology, new specialized employees, restructure assembly line and etc.).- Lower degree of customization that is possible for laptops and this in turn limits Dells ability to produce customize d laptops which is its main feature of success.?Opportunities- Companys expansion to new market.- New potential customers and the need to redeem lost customers in terms of laptop production care in mind previous failure.- Possibility to take advantage in delivering products faster and providing service in competitively effective manner.?Threats- Facing already well operating and widely spread competitors.- Other companies are adopting Dells direct model - Dell is losing its uniqueness.- The threat of rejection to buy Dells portables, because some former customers are prejudging Dell as producing low-quality laptops.

Shire Essay -- essays research papers

Visual Evaluation and Comparison Analyzing the Advertisement IndustryThe eventful goal of advertising is to motivate or persuade peck to buy a particular product or service, and among the media used to accomplish this ar radio, television, newspapers, and intimately importantly, magazines. In order for advertisings to successfully portray a product, they must be directed to the appropriate intended audience. In curl Stone and YM magazine, there are two adverts that display a very attractive person gazing and posing to the viewer. In advertising, we are bombarded by images that have become standard in formation beauty and what is acceptable, and we often dont realize it. In both of the ads, the person is gazing at the viewer with a look that says this is the phone for the cool people. Both ads are for mobile service technology, and each ad is very different from the other. The use of celebrities in advertising is very common. When advertisers choose a spokesperson to promot e their product, they use three basic categories of source attributes, which include appearance, target audience, and slogans. Both of these ads are equally effective in their own unique way. It is important to analyze the effectiveness of these celebrities in advertising in order to gain a better understanding of spokesperson endorsements. The first ad in Rolling Stone is for Boost mobile, a cell phone service connected with Motorola who appeals to the urban youth. In the ad, a very well known man poses with the cellular phone in his hand as he smirks at the viewer. The popular man is rap star Ludacris, a clear spokesperson for the target audience. Ludacris is in a profile pose with all of his jewelry that shines throughout the black background. The phone is also shining very brightly to stand in with the bling to trade name it seem as if the phone is in the same high class as the jewelry that Ludacris proudly wears. Motorola uses a plain black background with two simple images Lu dacris using the phone and the phone itself. On the second image of the phone, there is a mirror-like reflection of the phone to make it seem illuminating to the viewer. The textbook on the advertisement says in a huge font send hot beats to your phone and then in a smaller, yet unchanging large font before you turn the page. This intrigues the magazine reader, because it is... ...ith distinct interests. Therefore, the ads need to be carefully knowing to attract the attentions of the magazine reader. These ads were very carefully designed to the final touch. One with a simple black background embracing the shiny phone along with the bling compared to the very colorful entertaining background that decorates the advertisement to make it look fun. This very concept is well displayed in the two selected, yet very different, magazine ads from mobile technology. Advertising is defined as the follow up of attracting the publics attention to a product or business. These two advertiseme nts have attracted their own viewer to their product and hope that 1% of viewers purchase the product. As possible buyers of goods and services, Americans are constantly bombarded with advertising gimmicks in all print and broadcast mediums to the point where we have become jaded to the sales pitches that surround us. Each advertisement has been equally effective in reaching out to their target audience and selling the product. The unfavorable aspects of advertising result when the advertisers use questionable techniques to influence their consumers.

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

Prior to the start of our study of the Vietnam Era, I thought that I knew quite a bit active the Vietnam War and the overall time plosive speech sound. But after listening to some guest speakers and reading Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, I discovered that I knew hardly anything, and that most of what I did know was pretty much insignificant. These past weeks were not only extremely educating, hardly it was also very interesting. I learned more than I ever so thought I would, mostly through the people that know it best, those who lived through it.The most important thing I learned about Vietnam and the time period in which it took place, is that it was so confusing. It seems as if nobody really knew what was going on or what they were supposed to be doing. It also seems that even the people who fought in the state of war didnt believe that our presence was right. They knew nothing about the terrain, the Vietnamese culture, or even how to fight the North Vietnamese. And whe n they thought that they had things somewhat under control and that they could kind of foretell the North Vietnamese, the NVA changed everything with the TET offensive. So they ended up pretty much knowing nothing about anything.The war not only hard on the soldiers, but it was also hard on their loved ones. The hardest thing for those who were left behind was the waiting and the not knowing. Wives and parents didnt know whether their loved one were alive or dead...

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

Prior to the start of our study of the Vietnam Era, I thought that I knew quite a bit about the Vietnam War and the boilersuit time period. But after listening to some guest speakers and reading Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, I discovered that I knew labouredly anything, and that most of what I did know was passably much insignificant. These past weeks were not only extremely educating, but it was also very interesting. I learned more than I ever thought I would, mostly through the people that know it best, those who lived through it.The most important thing I learned about Vietnam and the time period in which it took place, is that it was so confusing. It seems as if nobody really knew what was going on or what they were supposed to be doing. It also seems that even the people who fought in the war didnt believe that our front was right. They knew nothing about the terrain, the Vietnamese culture, or even how to fight the North Vietnamese. And when they thought that they h ad things somewhat under control and that they could kind of anticipate the North Vietnamese, the NVA changed everything with the TET offensive. So they ended up pretty much knowing nothing about anything.The war not only hard on the soldiers, but it was also hard on their loved ones. The hardest thing for those who were left behind was the waiting and the not knowing. Wives and parents didnt know whether their loved one were alive or dead...

The Management of US Homeland Security

The US employs a federal state of governance to manage and well(p) the totality of the individual states as mandated by the Constitution. The federal governments headquarters is centered in the White House in Washington, D.C. The government is separate into three separate sectors, each with a well-defined role (1) executive branch, defines the role of the president and his body and the limit to their powers (2) legislative branch, is a bicameral number consisting of the House of Representatives/Congress and the House of the Senate and is generally concerned with passing of laws and amendments (3) legislative branch, acts as the forecourt in judging state matters and decision-making on any matters, whether executive or legislative regarding US Constitution.The US Constitution dictum includes freer reign in each individual states meaning that in the federal government, the powers atomic number 18 limited because they are heavily limited and separated in each individual state. Each branch is separated into agencies and smaller branches with a definitive role.US being an industrial and a political giant would be an important target for those who aim to undermine its power. External conflicts, counterterrorism attacks, and mitigation of related disasters are major fora for homeland security. The Executive legions post of the President houses 17 councils and since the power vested in the president, aside from being the head of the state, is the military chief command, then it is concluded that the decision-making regarding national security befalls upon him.There are three offices of import to his role as the military chief-in-command (1) Homeland Security Council (2) National Security Council and (3) Whitehouse Military Office. Understand that in the insidious role of defend the homeland security, the council enacted for this task is the Homeland Security Council but this does not mean it is responsible for the safety alone since it harmoniously relates wit h the National Security Council and the Intelligence and the military to produce and ensure maximum homeland security.The HSC was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 under Executive Order 13228 last October 8, 2001 as a protective and legal answer to the attack on the twin towers. The main quota of the act is to guarantee synchronization among executive departments and federal agencies regarding combating terrorism and ensuring homeland security. It is spearheaded by the President with attendees like the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, Director of National Intelligence, and other heads of agencies are invited to attend the meetings.Currently the homeland security and counterterrorism consultant is Miss Frances Townsend she drive ons the HSC meetings and the thirty-five member-staff and accepts the and organizes the reports from staff pertaining to (1) peripheral security, (2) biochemical falsifying, (3) continuity of operations between agencies, (4) emergency preparedness (5) anticipation of events, and (6) nuclear defense. She works hold in batch with the Assistant for the National Security Affairs in combating terrorism.Naturally, homeland security would involve that of the United States Intelligence Community (production and dissemination of intelligence) and the Military of the US (civilian protection). The Intelligence is subdivided into three, namely, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and National Security Agency (NSA) and the Military Unit, into four, Army, Marines, Navy, and Coast Guard. Their executive heads work hand in hand with HSC and the transfer of information and job relation of the various agencies all assist in the rendering of the task of bringing about homeland security.Bushs National Strategy for Homeland Security, which was amended in October 2007, aims to target security at two levels (1) terrorist and no n-terrorist attacks which may have implications for the security and (2) offense and defense on the face of terrorism. The conceptual framework on the Strategy is based on the following goals (1) avert terrorist attacks (2) protect state members, assets, properties, resources (3) counteract incidents and (4) strengthening the installation to for long-term success.With so many levels or branches of government, would it still be possible for an effective management and delivery of homeland security system? Bushs strategy and to achieve that of the fourth goal, proposed for a comprehensive Homeland Security Management System at the national, state and tribal level using the organisation guide-plan-assess-execute-evaluate. All complementary processes and practices must be implicated at all levels, employ multidisciplinary education opportunities, use s & t and governmental influences, and working hand-in hand with the Congress.There are problems regarding this area although this is hi ghly resolvable by an ingenius shift of high-performance information technology between sectors. The e-government, as we may call it can facilitate, a more clear connection between the hundreds of agencies whose roles are rather overlapping and who must maintain thousands of information across the different bureaus. This may also facilitate not only more efficient communication between government agency channels but as well as mediated response between the members of the state and the government.The E-government strategy as an agenda for improving efficiency across homeland security channels may facilitate for a trade good protective homeland security measures in addition to the branching, structure of the Homeland Security.ReferencesForman, M.(2002). E-Government Strategy. Retrieved Dec 17, 2008 from http//www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/egovstrategy.pdf.Homeland Security Council. (2007). Retrieved Dec 17, 2008 from http//www.whitehouse.gov/government/

Chicken Run Essay

The implications if a major customers had gone into is level, it will affect the company cash flow because e really payment received the company may have to use it to cover its operating expenses apart from getting profit. Accumulated debtors will show the collection section performance. Low cash flow will affect many areas in an organization. The company may have to make another loan to run it business. other(a)(a) than that it may have problem to run the business if the cash flow is low. For example, if the company unable to pay the suppliers on time. The supplier may stop to generate product to the company. If the suppliers really stop bring outing product, the company may face problem to produce product. This will directly affect the company sales because its deceive to produce product to its customers. If the company do not work hard to reduce this important area they may be looking at heavy remedies, or even write off debts and that means spending money to get money.The other implication is that, the company will have a very unwellnessy debtors aging. Where it is supposed to be a guidelines to the company. For example when a debtor reach it limit, the company should be alerted to chase payment base on the debtors aging. But in this case, Encik Selamat has been giving authority to the marketing department to continue supply products to Cold Gold Sdn Bhd because of the closed relationship. Indirectly, it showsthat Encik Selamat does not performing his vocation rationally. Which effect his image as a manager. He is supposed to show his leadership by having a very good judgement. For example to stop supply products to Cold Gold Sdn Bhd until they settle their debts.Refer to the case Chicken Runi) How would you assess the fiscal health of the company?I would assess the financial health of the company based on the gross profit of the company. The higher the gross profit the healthier it is. Of course we have to consider the operating expenses of the co mpany still operating expenses are still under the company control and discretion before we arse get the net profit.Other than that, I would assess the financial health of the company by obtaining a history of your companys financial statements. Five years worth is usually a good base. Next, transfer the financial statements to communal size. Common size financial statements are simply a companys financials expressed in the form of percentages rather than dollars. A common size format readily identifies trends and growth patterns. Additionally, since industry benchmark data is often produced in this format, it makes it easier to compare the results with the competition. Industry benchmark information can be obtained from a commercial vendor, accountant, or depending upon the industry, from trade associations.Next, financial ratios are calculated. There are a number of ratios to choose from. Some of the more common measure liquidity, debt coverage, leverage, and operating and pro fit performance. Their relevance is dependent upon your company, its operating characteristics and the industry. Bankers and accountants can be especially useful in identifying the more pertinent ratios.The information equanimous thus far is analyzed and compiled on a trended, composite and industry basis. The results of this analysis, when performedregularly, help you to monitor and recognize the vital statistics necessary for the success and growth of your business. The benefits of this sound judgement include Competitive Advantages & DisadvantagesAn industry assessment enables you to identify your companys strengths and weaknesses and acquire valuable information on the competition.Budgeting & ForecastingStudying trends and growth patterns is a very effective preliminary step in preparing internal budgets and forecasts.Strategic PlanningRecognizing specific performance measurements (company and industry) will help to set goals and objectives for the future (e.g., increase sales , gross profit margins, and net income).Acquisition OpportunitiesKnowledge of key performance measurements assists in the evaluation of a proposed sale, merger or acquisition.FocusGreater cognizance of the interrelationship of the financial statements and a complete understanding of financial operations allows you to focus on the areas important to the growth and success of your business.ii) What would you suggest as allow course of actions?As an appropriate course of actions, I would suggest the directors to refer the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2012 as a guidelines to call back action against Encik Selamat which involves in unethical activities such as conflict of interest and lack of integrity.Other than that, the internal control of the company should be revised. For example the debtor collection procedures. It has to follow proper standard operating procedures such as when invoices issue to a customers, the payment terms must follow the credit period. each paymen t overdue must be chase every month. If it reach the 120 days amount overdue, warning letter should beissue to the debtors, and so stop supplying product to the debtors until payment made.Besides that, Internal Audit must be done regularly. This is to audit the operation run based on the standard operating procedures. every discrepancy found must be rectify immediately to avoid any unwanted issue to happen. For example, Ms Choy has detect that the credit limit of Cold Gold Sdn Bhd, one of its major customers had gone into its level and yet the marketing department continued to supply products to the company. If the company do internal audit regularly, this issue may not happen because the internal auditor will detect the problem while it is still under early stage. Other than that, this will avoid Encik Selamat from making unethical activities due to his awareness from the internal auditor.Monthly meeting also can help in this case. Where, Encik Selamat inevitable to report the c ompany performance monthly. In this case, the company should have monthly credit meeting. The purpose of this meeting is to make sure all debtors are monitored closely. Any amount hanging in the debtors aging should have remarks or the status should have been identified. For example, if the debts is not paid within the 30 days period, it should state the modestness why? At least we know that chasing of debts run actively by the collection department. If the debtors do not pay according to their credit period, the management at least can give suggestion and acknowledge about that issue.

Jealousy in Romantic Relationship

Jealousy in Romantic Relationships Roxy Ghamgosarnia Stetson University In todays society, we visit that the majority of romantic relationships suffer and falter. Numbers show marriages that end in divorce tolerate sky rocketed. The question persists why? What causal agencys so much disfunction in a romantic relationship? A topic I found to be intriguing was jealousy. Present in all humans and in platonic and romantic relationships, jealousy has become an unexplainable phenomenon in which researchers are diving into in hopes of identifying the source of this detrimental emotion.Of course with such a load up and complex topic, its hard to uproot all schooling because there are so m each(prenominal) directions and scenarios. However, this universe said, I was able to read most both(prenominal) studies and observations researchers have inducted. In my research I concluded that jealousy has no real definition, but or else is a collection of negative emotions that come forth wh en one soul feels they are loosing power over something they think they posses. (Goodboy, Horan, Booth-Butterfield, 2012374).Because there are different types of lovers (eros, ludus, storge, pragma, mania and agape), there are different reactions to jealousy and a correlation between ludus and mania lovers to evoke jealousy in their relationship. Through reading about a specific scenario involving jealousy in cross-sex friendship whilst being in a committed monogamous relationship I determined that jealousy opens the door to other interpersonal communication factors. For example ones non-verbal behavior is greatly affected. (Williams, 2005).I wanted to really invest time in understanding how different situations call for jealousy and the non-verbal reactions that begin to emerge through this negative emotion. In my future research I wanted to test how jealousy brews between a meets that have been in a committed heterosexual monogamous relationship. I mulish for my first investig ation to focus more on the jealousy that a woman would express because I was personally more familiar with it. I pass on carry out my methodology in two parts, first an observational analysis and following that an in-depth insular interview.In my experimentation I would make sure to have written consent from a couple that have been dating for at least six months and who are both between 21-30 years of age. I willing explain to my subjects that they are about to undergo a psychological experiment but are not able to be told intricate details because it whitethorn skew the results. I will make sure to have a clear and concise written contract that explains my experiment is not intended to cause any personal conflict, or to harm them in any way.For example, an excerpt from that written contract may be I ____________ hereby understand that the information that will be observed in the evenings cash advanceion is strictly confidential. No section of this experiment is instituted to ca use damage in physicality or emotionally but is rather for the purposes of education and to be studied my professionals in the field. I understand the curators of the experiment are not responsible for my actions or reactions, but rather have the intent to gain knowledge from the athletic field.At anytime it is my mighty to leave the room if I feel uncomfortable. After my subjects understand their rights and identify my responsibilities I will progress with the experiment. The Model (which I will explain later) is not a volunteer and will be paid for working with me, so a level of professionalism is unquestionably necessary. There too, will be an employee contract as to protect both the agent and the principal. I wished to set up my methodology in a contemporary way.The observation portion will be as follows once consent is given my subjects will be instructed to attend a semi-formal multitude among their peers. This gathering will be a social banquet, perhaps associated with a charitable event such as to create more mystery for the subjects so they fagt foresee the elements of the procedure that I have set up. I would certainly avoid and places such as a nightclub or bar, where there would be increased tension and the risk of my subjects become intoxicated.Through out the course of the evening there will be a third element to my experiment. This would be the Model, or M. M would have to be an attractive lady in her early to mid twenties who during the succession of the event will purposefully set out the couple and insert herself in conversation with the couple, paying closer attention to the manful in the relationship. Her job is to be extraverted and friendly. She will be exhausting an ear device that will have me instructing her on how to keep conversation as I will be watching and hearing everything from a private room.What I will be looking for is the verbal and non-verbal reactions from the fe young-begetting(prenominal) in the relationship. Ho w she reacts to certain things that M says like Oh, I am currently not seeing anybody its so difficult to find a decent man nowadays. While not breaking eye contact with the Male. After the event has finished the couple will be instructed by a personnel to meet with me for the second portion of the experiment. The second method I will use for my study is an in depth interview with both the male and the female in the relationship.Each interview will be done separately and privately. I will explain that what the study specifically was about, telling them that it was an observation of body language and interpersonal non-verbal communication. I then will proceed to have a few questions on what they were sentiment and how they felt at different parts of the evening when M was present. I will be able to play back the footage and point out place moments where I think that they displayed some sort of negativity.Ultimately I am trying to discover if in the situation that was provided th e female in the study felt any sort of jealousy towards the M and if the male was able to effectively pick up on her reactions. Some interview questions will include, but are not limited to Were you aware of the body language and looks that your girlfriend was doing? How did you feel when you saw the other lady? Were you aware of your body language? Many of the questions I ask depend of course on what I see and what I hear so I cannot give a clear and accurate outline at this time.But, the questions will be formatted to help me better understand the emotions felt during the experimentations. Even if there were no feelings of jealousy it will still be interesting to be able to understand peoples reactions to situations that involve their significant other. After a few different couples I am positive that my results will allow me to draw some parallels, and in other cases there would be no correlation in emotional responses. This would further validate my theory that jealousy is subje ctive and situational depending on each different person. Spitzberg, Cupach, 2010). In order to protect my subjects privacy, I would keep their identity a secret. The only people that would really know who they are would be myself and the person I chose to hire as M who would be liable to keep confidentiality. In my published results I would refer to the female as X and the male as Y. I will store all information on my laptop which is password locked. All digital footage shall be locked in a bushel filing cabinet and destroyed once the procedure is completed.Like an experiment there are a few limitations that should be considered. For one, budget. I would have to have unassailable funds in order to purchase the equipment I need and to organize a set up that would be appropriate. The next would be finding the right couple to conduct this experiment on, which would easily give consent for the study. For future research I would greatly like to reverse the roles. Using a male M and ob serving the reactions and interpersonal communications that the male in the relationship would demonstrate.Repeated trials would allow for a better and cleared understanding as results can variegate drastically from one another. Also, perhaps this can be conducted using homosexual couples in order the see if there are any similarities or differences in the results. All in all, I feel that my implemented methodology would effectively allow me to test how jealousy may brew in a situational view in a committed, monogamous relationship. Because jealousy is such a deep emotion that also is affiliated with other negative emotions it is difficult to plug in a formula and measure it.However, with this study, it will allow one to observe first hand how non-verbal communication is so prominent in our everyday interactions curiously in one which we feel uncomfortable in. Through my read research I better understand what factors can possibly lead to jealousy and I wanted to put my understand ing to the test and create a compelling, creative and contemporary study. I hope that my results will assist others when researching about this relatively dewy subject. References Kennedy-Lightsey, C. , & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2011).Responses to jealousy situations that evoke uncertainty in married and dating relationships. 59(2), 255-275. Williams, S. (2005). Jealousy in the cross-sex friendship. 471-485. doi Ebsco Host Goodboy, A. , Horan, S. , & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2012). Intentional jealousy- evoking behavior in romantic relationships as a function of received partner affection and love styles. 60(3), 370-385. doi Ebsco Host Spitzberg, B. H. , & Cupach, W. R. (2010). Disentangling the dark side. In B. Spitzberg & W. Cupach (Eds. ), The dark side of interpersonal communication (2nd ed. ). late York Routledge

Methods of Research Essay

1. Define research in the light of the growing need for its conduct, exposition, and application. (5 points) Research is an growth to collect and analyze information to increase our topic understand for problem,it has three steps pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question. Research is an process to collect and analyze information to increase our topic sagaciousness for problem,it has three steps pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question.2. Explain the need for the discussion of the sampling technique. (5 points) Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to remediate data. Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to improve data.3. Differentiate the following with not more than 50 words per item (6 points each) a. Theoretical model and conceptual frameworkA conceptual framework occurs when a researcher links concepts from literature to establish evidence to support the need for the research question. If mortal else has already colligate these concepts with valid research, they made a theoretical framework which can be used as a ready made make up for different scientists to turn tail their own research questions. A conceptual framework occurs when a researcher links concepts from literature to establish evidence to support the need for the research question. If somebody else has already linked these concepts with valid research, they made a theoretical framework which can be used as a ready made map for early(a) scientists to guide their own research questions.b. Primary and secondary sourcesPrimary source are genuinely close to the origin of a particular topic,issue or situation being written about. Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the described topic,are reports that draw on research and otherreferences to make interpretive,analytical or synthesized claims.and they are best used for representing significant points of view. Primary source are very close to the origin of a particular topic,issue or situation being written about. Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the described topic,are reports that draw on research and other references to make interpretive,analytical or synthesized claims.and they are best used for representing significant points of view.c. Quantitative and qualitative researchIn quantifiable method,the researcher makes some type of analogy and attempts to discover relationships amid or among variables. In qualitative method,the researcher is concerned in employing different approaches to discover non-quantitative relationships between or among existing variables.In quantitative method,the researcher makes some type of c omparison and attempts to discover relationships between or among variables. In qualitative method,the researcher is concerned in employing different approaches to discover non-quantitative relationships between or among existing variables.d. Statistical treatment and statistical tools andStatistical treatment refers to some entreaty of methods which is used to process large amounts of data. Statistical tools have a multitude of different way that is available to comparison of data,or sets of data,quantify accuracy or precision,some of them simple,some complicated,and often very specific for certain purposes Statistical treatment refers to some collection of methods which is used to process large amounts of data. Statistical tools have a multitude of different way that is available to comparison of data,or sets of data,quantify accuracy or precision,some of them simple,some complicated,and often very specific for certain purposese. Random and non-random samplingA simple random samp le uses randomization to pick your sample,that can be done in a number of ways. Non-random samples do not use randomization.In a word,Simple random samples are random samples,but random samples are not necessarity simple random samples. A simple random sample uses randomization to pick your sample,that can be done in a number of ways. Non-random samples do not use randomization.In a word,Simple random samples are random samples,but random samples are not necessarity simple random samples.4. How the internal and external criticisms of literatures are done? Explain with uncloudedness and conviction. (10 points) inborn criticism refers to the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the source,so its process involves evaluating the accuracy and worth of state ments contained in a diachronic document.before take research,researchers must ask these questions in evaluating as follow1.is it probable that people would act in the way described by the writer? 2.is it physic tout ensembley attainable for the events described to have occurred this close together in time. 3.do the budget figures mentioned by the writer seem reasonable.External criticism refers to the validity,trustworthiness,or authenticity of the source, so its process is used to determine whether the apparent or claimed origin of a historical document corresponds with the actual origin, for example does the following items match1.Author,2.Place,3.Date,4.Circumstances of publication Internal criticism refers to the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the source,so its process involves evaluating the accuracy and worth of state ments contained in a historical document.before start research,researchers must ask these questions in evaluating as follow1.is it probable that people would act in the way described by the writer? 2.is it physically possible for the events described to have occurred this close together in time. 3.do the budget figures mentioned by the writer seem reasonable.External criticism refers to the validity,trustworthiness,or authenticity of the source, so its process is used to determine whether the apparent or claimed origin of a historical document corresponds with the actual origin, for example does the following items match1.Author,2.Place,3.Date,4.Circumstances of publication5. Evaluate Wikipedia as a tertiary source of information. (5 points) The Wikipedia is not a autochthonic source and a secondary source, is an encyclopedia,so its main namespace is an encyclopedia. Wikipedia as a tertiary source, because all the summarizes descriptions,interpretations and analyses are summaried on tertiary sources,which is as close as possible to the primary sources on the described topic. The Wikipedia is not a primary source and a secondary source, is an encyclopedia,so its main namespace is an encyclopedia. Wikipedia as a tertiary source, because all the summarizes descriptions,interpretations and analyses are summaried on tertiary sources,which is as close as possible to the primary sources on the described topic.6. Enumerate (in proper sequence) the different parts or components of Chapter 3 (saved at least by JRU standards). 5 points1.Research method,descriptive,experimental.2.Population,sample size and sampling technique,it explains the methods in selecting the sample. 3.Description of the respondents,it describes the respondents4.The research instrument,for example,survey,questionnaire,test,interview.5.Validation of the research instrument,the researcher explains how the research instrument used is validated.6.Data-gathering procedure,for example,asking permission,writing a letter,distributing the questionnaire,and the like.7.Statistical treatment of data,it makes arrive at how each datum gathered are explained and interpreted by means of statistics.8.Statistical tools,it shows the formulas and sources of the statistics used in the research undertaking.1.Research method,descriptive,experimental.2.Popu lation,sample size and sampling technique,it explains the methods in selecting the sample. 3.Description of the respondents,it describes the respondents 4.The research instrument,for example,survey,questionnaire,test,interview. 5.Validation of the research instrument,the researcher explains how the research instrument used is validated. 6.Data-gathering procedure,for example,asking permission,writing a letter,distributing the questionnaire,and the like. 7.Statistical treatment of data,it makes clear how each datum gathered are explained andinterpreted through statistics. 8.Statistical tools,it shows the formulas and sources of the statistics used in the research undertaking.

Leisure and Recreation in Action Essay

Unit 6 unfilled and Recreation in action is a mandatory part of my AVCE Leisure and Recreation Course. This unit includes planning, organising and hosting a leisure and recreation character. We represent out at the end of July 2005 that we were going to harbor to hold an issue for a plastered customer conference. We would have to decide on this customer root word and past brainstorm or so ideas for events that we could organise for them. Once we have d ace this we will have to fit on a job plan and present it to school officials. Then we would also have to entail of advertising the event.Our first meeting included cerebrate contrary ideas for the event that we could organise. Below is a copy of this brainstorm.Once we had brainstormed the event we wrote down our ideas and put them into a t onlyy table. Once we had done this we went round different classes around the school and asked which event they would prefer to go on. It turned out that the preferred event would b e to go to an England footb every match. We thought that this event would be quite easy to organise, as there were 2 England World Cup qualifier matches coming up. We tried to order the tickets for both of the upcoming matches but tack to engageher out that our request would be put into a ballot as there were many different groups of people who wanted to go to these matches.We wouldnt vex out if we had succeeded in getting the tickets until 6 weeks before individually match. This was a problem, as we would have had to rush organising the quell of the event. E.g. Transport, Customers. We were unsuccessful in getting tickets to both of the matches. This was a blow to us because we had designed posters and already done some organising. We had to decide on an opposite event that would be quite easy and fond to organise.Read to a greater extentWhen Leisure is Defined as Recreational ActivityWe contumacious to organise and host a Senior Citizen Christmas Lunch, as it was near to Chr istmas. We decided on our customers because we decided that the senior citizens of Darlaston had done a lot for our community, and we wanted to give them something back for their help and support. Our customers would also be ex-employees of our school. This wasnt even in our list of brainstormed ideas, but with a little help we thought of it.First we had to come up with aims and objectives for our event, and also all other details. We decided on the aims and objectives by thinking some the customers wants and motifs and also our own. This included finding a venue for the event, finding out if the Senior Citizens would want to come to our event and other aspects such as our budget. We had to con postr our budget as we would have to provide the Senior Citizens with a high standard of cuisine, and also provide them with entertainment and possess their time with us enjoyable.We prove out that the school wouldnt be able to provide all of our entrepots for the event, so we had to fin d a way of fashioning enough money to compensate for it. We came up with a number of ideas such as bag guideing at ASDA, Football Cards make the number of sweets in a jar and to hold a football tournament. We decided to do the football card because the other ideas would take a firearm to conduct and also host. The football card was really successful. We had 48 police squads and people paid 1 for a team name, a team name was then picked out of a hat by an unbiased volunteer, and the person who had the name of the team picked out won 10. From this fund raiser we made 38. This was enough to pay for some of the shopping for the event.On our second meeting we had to decide on committee subroutines for each member of our group. We decided on these roles by looking at everyones strengths and weaknesses. These roles are listed below* Chairperson Mathew Bayley. As the chairperson Mathew would have to make sure that everyone was doing their tunes right, and if they werent then they would have to tell them to try harder. We selected Mathew for this role as he is a strong minded person who everyone listens to* Secretary Krystle Larkin. As the secretary Krystle takes down notes from each of our meetings and turns them into minutes, then she gives them to us as shortly as possible so we know what our weekly jobs are. We selected Krystle for this role as she is the most organised person of the group* Treasurer Ben Hall. As the treasurer Ben looks afterwards all of our funds and receipts. We selected Ben for this job as he is good with money and knows how to budget money* Marketing Person Donna Hawkins. As the marketing person it is my job to market the event through invitations and/or posters. I was selected for this job as I have done marketing for 1 year in business and am also quite creative* Staffing/Human Resources Leigh Griffiths. As the person in charge of plying it is Leighs job to recruit more staff members if we need them. Leigh was selected for th is job as he is quite persuasive and also good at deciding on good workers with good character* Health and safe Matthew Bray. As the health and Safety person it is Matthews job to do a risk assessment of the event. Matthew was selected for this job as he is good at finding out what problems could occur during eventsWe had a good marketing structure which meant we were all on the same level as each other and we were all given fair shares of the jobs. Our management structure is below.I think that the group worked really well together, although there were a few problems along the way. We worked well throughout communication, although because of the stress of organising our event we did argue quite a lot. Mathew Bayley coped really well being our leader. He managed to custody us on track with all of our work and also our set tasks. We interacted well with each other, haping each other informed on how well we were getting on with our jobs and tasks. There was some tightness between myself and Krystle, because we kept getting in each others way and taking over each others jobs. But overall, we worked really well together.As a team we really enjoyed planning and organising the event. Until the day of the event we helped each other with our tasks and also with any problems that occurred with the tasks that we were set. We managed to keep out of each others way most of the time, although there were a few problems and hiccups during the planning and organising of the event. However, apart from the few problems that occurred we all worked well together.Moxhull Hall HotelI think that our visit to Moxhull Hall Hotel went really well. We had to dress smart to make a good impression on Andreas, the manager, and the rest of his staff at the hotel. We learnt a lot off the chefs at the Hotel, than if we had of ready meals ourselves.On 7th celestial latitude 2005 at 11.30am we travelled to Moxhull Hall Hotel. This visit was to help us learn to set up covers and serve our guests properly and also how to prepare diet properly. Our group was split up into two teams. These were the bird-scarer of sept team and the catering team. My team (the catering team) were taken into the kitchens and the seem of house team was taken into one of the restaurants.First we had to get acquainted with the members of staff who would be helping us. There was John and Neil, the two chefs. They then split us up into two teams of four. whiz of the teams went with John, whilst my team stayed with Neil.We were allocated different jobs. I had to mix up the flour, butter and sugar to make the dough for the mince pies that we were going to cook.My group also had to make a salad, potato salad and also coleslaw. We had to chop up the vegetables from fresh and then mix them up with mayonnaise to make the coleslaw and potato salad. We had cooked this meal for our and the rest of the groups lunch. Once we had finished cooking for the group we then had to bang-up the side units an d table tops that we had gotten dirty whilst preparing the food.The day of the eventWe started the day of the event by meeting up at our school at 8.15 and collected all of the equipment and accessories that we needed. We then walked up to the venue of our event and started to set up our equipment. The front of house staff set up the main hall and the kitchen staff, which consisted of me, Matthew Bray, Leigh Griffiths and 2 other helpers from a year 11 leisure and tourism class, went into the kitchen to set up.We likewisek all of the food into the kitchen and started to prepare the food. We all washed our hands first and also washed up the saucepans and cooking utensils that we would need. I had to prepare the parsnips, while Matthew and Leigh prepared the carrots. Reagan and Emily prepared the sprouts whilst Mrs Lavender prepared the potatoes.Below is a photograph of me peeling the parsnipsAfter we had prepared the food and put it on the stoves to cook we had to tidy up and clean the sides. We also had to set out the small plates for the starter. We decided to do a prawn cocktail for the started and while the main course was cooking I prepared the prawns whilst the others tidied up and washed up any bowls and cutlery we had used.Below is a photograph of me preparing the prawnsAfter preparing the prawns and setting them out on the plates the front of house staff came through to collect the starters and serve them to our guests. When our guests had finished eating the plates were brought back in and the main meal was served. It was my job to serve the sprouts, as the picture at the side shows.Once the plates had been taken out then we had to wash up the starter plates and prepare the desert. Because 2 of our guests were diabetic we couldnt serve them the traditional dessert of Christmas pudding and custard, so we served them a variety of cheese and biscuits instead.Once all of the food had been served the washing up and clearing away had to be done. This was done whilst the front of house staff were setting up the entertainment equipment. The washing up and cleaning away was done by all of us in turn.Below is a photo of me cleaning the sides of the kitchenOnce all of the cleaning and washing up had been completed we had to go and get changed into our front of house uniforms. We did this because we were going out the front to the guests to help with the entertainment.Below is a picture of me in my front of house uniformOur first lot of entertainment was a few games of bingo. Ben was the caller for the bingo, and the rest of us helped our guests with the games. After the games of bingo we had a few different quizzes that some of the group had composed. These were vie in teams of two. After the quizzes had been completed we then played a game of catchphrase, which was performed by Leigh and Ben. The quizzes and the bingo went down really well with the senior citizens, as did the game of catchphrase. After the entertainment was finished it was time for the guests to go home. enchantment Mathew Bayley and Leigh were seeing the guests out the rest of us started tidying away the tables and chairs and all of the equipment that we had used. This took about 20 minutes to do. Afterwards we had to take all of the equipment back to the school and pack it all away.Overall the day went extremely well. There were a few problems, such as 2 people turning up early and uninvited. too the cooking utensils from the venue went missing, so I had to go home to get some from my house that we could use.All of the entertainment went down well and the meal was enjoyed by all of the senior citizens. The atmosphere of the venue was really good and Christmassy too, which made us and the guests feel good about ourselves, and also really happy with each other. This made us better people to be around and we worked better together because of this.ImprovementsIf we were to do this event again then I would recommend making some improvements. We wo uld have to make sure that people didnt turn up uninvited. Because of this we had to make room for extra people and also share the food out more than we thought we would have to. I also think that we could have made more money from the fund raising. We could do two fund raising events to make double the amount of money so we dont have to struggle so much keeping within our budget. I also think that we could improve the attitudes of the extra staff that we recruited. The year 11s that worked in the kitchen didnt pull their weight and they stopped working for a chat at anytime they could. We had to keep telling them to get back to work. I think that we could split them up and make them work with one of our group to keep them in check and stop them from slacking off.I also think that we could improve the running smoothness of the quizzes. We did have 4 quizzes, so we had to do them quickly. However, some of the guests thought that the quizzes were read out too slow and the others thoug ht that the quizzes were read out too fast. We could improve this by practising how to read out loud to guests properly. I think that we could also use a bigger venue. Everyone did seem quite cramped up and there was not much room to move about in the kitchen area either.The kitchen was small and there were 6 people in there all together. This made it very cramped and quite uncomfortable for us to work in. I think that we should also only have 2 courses instead of 3 if we do the event again. Originally we had only planned to do two courses, but the manager of Moxhull Hall Hotel gave us some prawns to make a starter as he knew our budget was limited. We thought that this was a tenuous gesture, but we should have checked if any of our guests were allergic to seafood. It turned out that one of our guests was allergic to seafood, so she didnt get to have starter. She did state on her invitation reply that she was allergic to seafood but they werent checked properly, so in future we wou ld have to make sure that we checked the invitations more than once.I think that the project was successful. We kept to our objectives throughout the planning the event and also conducting it. We worked well as a team throughout the event, with only a few arguments occurring. We found solutions to possible problems, such as the arguments and also problems with decorating the venue. We provided our guests with a high standard of cuisine and entertainment. We know this from the witness statements that they produced for us. We all enjoyed the experience and we provided the elderly with a unforgettable event.We know that we enjoyed it from talking to each other and finding out what we thought went good and bad on the day. We know that our extra staff enjoyed themselves too, as we found out when we questioned them about it. We know that our guests enjoyed the experience from the positive comments we had, witness statements, our guests facial expressions on the video and also one of the guests took the time to write in to the topical anesthetic newspaper about how much she enjoyed the event. This statement was sent into the newspaper by Mrs Doris Robertson. These are all included in my work.We came in on budget, but we had to keep things to a minimum and also add a few extra pounds ourselves to buy the prizes for the quizzes. I think that if this event is done again then more fund raising could be done. This way products will be brought comfortably without any worry of not having enough money to buy the necessities for the meal.Customers were satisfied with the event and we have the proof of this from witness statements. Such quotes include very polite, willing and helpful. All cheerful and pleasant and also very good meal expeditious service all round.The ambience of the venue worked really well with event. We made the venue look Christmassy by putting up decorations and we also played Christmas music into the hall where the meal was to be served. All of the f ront of house staff were dressed professionally in black trousers, white blouse/shirt and a black bow tie. Once the kitchen staff came out, we also changed into smart, professional clothing.Good things of the event included* Making the senior citizens happy and cheerful* Giving ourselves the happiness of making other people happy* Everything running quite smooth* Positive feedback from the guests and members of staffBad things of the event included* Venue being too small* Extra people turning up* One member of the kitchen team turned up late* I had to go home to get some cooking utensils as the ones from the venue were missing

Management Theories Scott Straughan

Investigate the development of worry as a theory and discipline. Asses the relevancy of these theories to neo day managers and identify the key counsel skills that will be of importance to the manager of the millennium.For the answer of this essay modern day manager shall mean managers of the enter day. Management skills are skills that managers need to be good at there wager.In this essay I will be investigating management theories at the start of this century, then enumerateing at the progression of management up until the present day, this will include research carried out by a cast of citizenry which gave growth to HRM as we know it today. I will then identify key management skills in these theories and assess their relevance to todays management, I will also identify the management skills required in todays executionforce.At the turn of the century there were a component of important developments in management. Oil companies (standard oil trust) and (u.s. steel, the first 1 billion dollar company) were rapidly expanding. Smaller and medium sized companies had to improve efficiency in order to survive against the big giants.Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) began to look at the measurement of manoeuvre, he broke down each task to find out how long it would reach, he then planned ahead for numbers of workers wanted and what training they would need, he then decided what wages the workers were worth accordingly to what they accomplished. At the same judgment of conviction Henry ford (1896-1947) reduced his chassis assembly time from twelve and a half hours to ninety three minutes through using these methods. Managers were showtime to plan ahead more to increase efficiency, as competition increased researchers began to look at other ways of improving efficiency even more, they started to look at the working environment.Elton mayo (1880-1949) carried out the Hawthorne experiments, they looked at relationships in the workplace and working con ditions. Mayo found that the great unwasheds needs and attitudes had much more of an influence on productivity than the efficiency of the production line itself, this was called the human relations approach and is widely used today. The Hawthorne experiments looked at four areas -2. The relay assembly group experimentsThe purpose was to increase productivity. The illumination experiments looked at lighting and heating, mayo found even in poor working conditions productivity was still higher than average, the workers were working harder because individual was fetching an interest in them. The relay assembly group experiments took six female workers and gave them there own separate areas to work in, they were given regular breaks and liberty to talk. The person who studied them also worked as their supervisor, the workers were consulted before any changes were made, and productivity was massively increased, again due to the fact someone was taking an interest in them.The bank wiri ng group studies multiform fourteen male workers and was very similar to the relay assembly group experiments. Finally he carried out the interviewing program, this involved interviewing every worker (21,000 in total), they were asked about their opinion of the company they worked for and their attitudes towards their managers, the results were closely analysed afterwards. Mayo had found a way to increase productivity through give out working relations and better working conditions. Productivity increased as a result of the following -Due to better working relations groups of workers worked harder, notwithstanding what about personnel motivationDuring the war most of the young men were fighting, managers had to keep up with an incredible demand, they were given older retired workers and women, women had never been widely use in factories before this time.Managers looked to researchers to get the maximum effort out of workers. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) argued people do not just work for silver, but for basic needs such as shelter, food for survival, and higher needs such as self esteem and confidence. This is called Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslow describes fives types of needs arranged in a hierarchy, Maslow assumed people always wanted more, one level should be the motivator to the next.1. Physical needs basic needs such as food, water, shelter, air, rest, and sex.2. Safety needs license from fear of threats, security and stability (pensions and healthcare)3. Social needs the need for acceptance within a group, friendship, love affection and comfort when feeling down.4. Esteem needs the need for executement and recognition, respect for yourself. Managers can achieve this through training and development.5. Self actualisation needs the need for a person to achieve their wax potential, accomplishment and growth.Not everyone meets these needs through work, some might gain them through social activities with friends, and an activity such as play ing in a football team may achieve this. However some people are happy after achieving the first level and are not motivated to the next level, while others strive to improve themselves, this was the flaw in Maslows theory. More researchers began to look at HRM, there was still a lot to be discovered, Maslow had started the work and now more people were following in his footsteps, they started to look at positive thinking and the way management treated workers.Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) looked at traditional management styles compared to newer ones, these were called theory x and theory y. He found old methods assumed people did not want to work, had to be closely wangled and did not take much pride in their work, this was called theory x, theory y was completely the opposite and argued people did want to work and got a lot of satisfaction from taking pride in their work.McGregor argued if you treat workers as responsible and intelligent people who want to work, that is the way they will behave. He also looked at achievers and winning people and suggested these people took responsibility for their work and set themselves moderate achievable goals, low achievers came from poor cultural backgrounds, poor education and felt they could not achieve any goals they set, they could however be achievers through training and development.we have looked at the development of management from the early 1900s up until present day. All management styles traditional or modern focus on efficiency and productivity. Traditional management includes bureaucratic management which relies very much on rules, procedures, discipline and hierarchy, this causes a clear division between workers and management and causes low productivity. Scientific management focused on the one best way to do a calling and did not take into account that workers know how to do their work better than management, again this method causes low productivity.Modern day managers have regular confrontation w ith staff to discuss any problems they have, and identify help where it is needed. This is Japanese style management e which emphasizes on HRM and increasing productivity, modern management still uses a lot of traditional theories though. Technology is rapidly changing management with the introduction of computers, global communications and the Internet. The skills a modern day manager needs are changing as rapid as technology, the workplace is becoming more informal where we socialise as well as work.Traditional management was stern with rules and authority which workers were afraid of, there was no contact between management and workers and it seemed they both had completely different goals to achieve. Companies now work together as a teem with a common goal of increasing profit. Modern day managers are flexible to meet employees needs, they motivate and encourage workers to succeed, they have confidence, charisma and are patient. Managers should posses counselling skills and nur ture there workers, this is a more feminine approach and are called soft skills. Do modern day managers bear any relevance to traditional skillsAlthough traditional management styles seem prehistoric compared to today they are still applicable, Maslows hierarchy of needs can be compared to the corporate ladder, more people choose careers instead of just a job. Mayos Hawthorne experiments eventually led to laws being made on working conditions (Health and safety at work act). McGregors theory x and theory y, all managers now assume people want to work and take pride in it to. If asked which is the most relevant I would argue Maslow, most people can relate to his theories as the corporate ladder and I feel it is widely used now as a personnel motivator for employees.As the millennium approaches managers are forming even closer links with employees with the use of soft skills. Companies invest a lot of money in training of staff and can receive grants from the government for this purp ose, appraisals are now widely used to coach and motivate staff. Managers are empowering workers more to supervise themselves and be responsible for their own workload, this is partly because more people are working from home with new technology. Business is now thriving thanks to the work of researchers at the start of the century.

How a boy life affected when raised without a father Essay

both Wes Moores grew up without their receives in their lives. Wes Moores cause was taken away from him at an early age due to illness. His father had acute epiglottitis. Until the death of Wes Moore he had a close relationship. While The otherwise Wes Moores father weft to be absent from his childs life. In the book we read that he tried to see The Other Wes Moore one night, drunk and pound on his mothers door demanding to see Wes, more thanover after not given access inside he vanished from Wess life. Studies show that children with fathers at home tend to do better in school, argon less prone to depression and atomic number 18 more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.Both children were forced to learn a lot at a green age and in a way became the men of their households, in their fathers absences. Although because of the difference in their losses of their fathers the af fects differed. The death of a parent set up really damage a child. At times it can change moreover about everything about the child its future, its personality, its beliefs, its fears, its cravings, and how the child perceives the world itself. Death can traumatize anyone, but it is even more traumatic for a 6 year old boy. In the case of the other Wes Moore that had the father that didnt choice not to take part in his childs life it differs in the affects.Another study showed that 1,197 fourth-grade students were observed researchers that concluded the children that grew up without t greater levels of aggression in boys from mother-only households than from boys in mother-father households. This brings me to the assumption that because of The Other Wes Moore choice to go down the wrong street due to the circumstances that had been placed in his life. He was only bound to go down the wrong path because he had never had a good father figure or father in his life, term Wes Moore on the other hand had that. Wes Moore only had his father in his life for a short time period but yet a still he had his father in life while The Other Wes Moore never did.Statistics assume been quoted that the percentage of father absence homes isas high as 60%. However, these statistics do not reflect the number of fathers who are physically present in the homes but maybe emotionally, psychologically or spiritually absent. Which shows me that there are a lot of young men in the world being leavend with a father, and I am certain all of them are not in prison either. though the author in The Other Wes Moore believes that he is lucky, one would not refer to his accomplishments as luck. Both Wes Moores were given various chances, to go to school, stretch forth on with their education, and get a contemplate to support their families. Although their stories were very similar by not having their fathers in their lives, or good males figure to guide them and raise them to be men the y choice different paths in life.I believe that life is all about the choices you make for yourself. Regardless of who is there to guide you. Yes, it may be harder to grow up fast and lead yourself down the rectify path. But all is possible so luck really did not have much of a part to in the authors life. Wes Moore (the author) choice to make chances in his life for the better, he wanted better for himself and fought for it while The Other Wes Moore didnt. In some situations you are given many chances, others you are only given one. I feel as if smart, thought out decisions are more beneficial for me than fast decision where I havent thought about the repercussions for my action.Therefore, I believe if I were in either of the Wes Moores places I would have looked at life and made the decision the author made rather than The Other Wes Moore. In life we are given more than just luck, but an opportunity, a chance to be better and do better each and every day. It is up to one to take those chances. In their situations, it was obvious that they were looking for more than just luck at the time, school was not at the top of their to do list, working day and night at a job getting paid minimum wage wasnt either.Whats amazing about this story is their lives could have easily been the same, both successful men with stories to per centum with the world, together. Or both behind bars for the rest of their lives, perhaps even cell mates with it being ironic of them both having the same first and put out name as well as them heading down the same path at such a young age. Simply knowing the right from the wrong, even when times are hard. To make the right decision and take the right opportunity.Works CitedStatistics of a Fatherless America. _dads4kids.com._ Photius Coutsoukis, Copyright 1995-2002. Web. Revised 20-Jul-02. .N. Vaden-Kierman, N. Ialongo, J. Pearson, and S. Kellam, Household Family social structure and Childrens Aggressive Behavior A Longitudinal Study o f Urban principal(a) take Children, _Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology_ 23, no. 5 (1995)._One Parent Families and Their Children The Schools Most Significant Minority,_ conducted by The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, co sponsored by the National Association of Elementary School Principals and the Institute for Development of Educational Activities, a division of the Charles F. Kettering Foundation, Arlington, VA., 1980

Mock interview

Johnson, and we talked a little bit nearly that company which was about how great that company is. I love Johnson & Johnson this company a lot. It survived from World warfare One, the Great Depression , and World War Two. And it is coming much and much stronger, more than ever. We went through nigh Traditional Interview Questions as well. When he asked me, do you prefer working on a team up or as an individual contributor? I basically combined my own working get it on with it, and I said l actually more enjoy working on a team rather than an individual contributor, because I used to work In a restaurant before which Is non a one persons Job, it takes many people and time to work on it, to manage it, and run It. As myself, I take every firm and company as a big running machine, and all(prenominal) stuff members are working as a small part and component of this machine. Everyone Is involved, and everyone Is Important as well.In order to make this machine runs, each part and comp onent Is Indispensable. It may start to running If without most part or component, but It wont work as well as If everyone Is Involved. It was a great acknowledge to having an Interview with him. The whole Interviewing didnt take too long, and it was only about 20 minutes. But he gave me a very good Impression from the beginning to the end. It Is very Important to have such a do by Interview before we take the real Interview with some big companies. It Isnt Just gave me the experience, but It to a fault gives me the courage.

High School Can Be A Scary Education Essay

High check can be a chilling, daunting decorate for scholarly persons, accompanimently those unfamiliar with the civilization and linguistic converse of their equals. The Introduction to the States Program addresses the particular challenges confronting saucily arrived immigrant high instill pupils, with small or no English linguistic communion proceedings, to the Yonkers universe Schools. out-of-pocket to the deficiency of resources in the give instruction arranging, these take ins frequently fall mingled with the clefts, or worse become victims of deterrence and packs. The Introduction to America stick out ordain right as an early intercession system to topographicalal point and maintain these pupils on the right way and in a safe purlieu. It get out meet to restore a comprehensive support system around these pupils done a partnership with the school and local bilingual community.Background and MissionThe JCY-Westchester Community Partners enriches the lives of 1000s of small frys, households and older grownups in Westchester County all(prenominal) twelvemonth through a assortment of effectual larning enterprises. One of the or so noteworthy properties of the JCY-WCP is the organisation s ability to construct alliances and deputy sheriff coaction with other service bureaus in our metropolis and county, which charges in the efficient and effectual disposition of our plans. Each spring we have a diverseness plan that teaches over 2,000 inner-city school kids tolerance, humanity and how to be an upstander as opposed to a bystander through our one-year hebdomad long Holocaust Remembrance plan. We pilfer financess for 17 scholarships yearly for high school seniors in Yonkers fancyless of race or ethnicity. We conduct intergenerational plans with an asset- paperd pom-pom by using the accomplishments and life cognition of our older grownup population and seting it into service to suffice the kids with the just about need. We at omic number 18 proud that JCY-WCP has been functioning the community for over 90 old ages and has evolved to function underprivileged populate of all ages and heathen backgrounds populating in Westchester County.The mission of the JCY-Westchester Community Partners ( JCY-WCP ) is to heighten the educational experience of kids in Westchester County through effectual insureing enterprises and the battle of voluntary wise mans.Demographics and Community NeedsMore than 26,000 pupils from 105 states who speak 42 incompatible linguistic parleys comprise the pupil thoroughgoing structure of the Yonkers Public School system. As most urban school territories do, it faces legion issues and challenges due(p) to its diverse registration and minimum resources. 72 % of the pupil organic structure is economically disadvantaged as determined by the per centum of pupils who ar eligible for free or decreased tiffin. The racial composing of the City of Yonkers school population is 25 % African American, 52 % Hispanic, 6 % Asian/Pacific islander and 18 % White/Other. The population of Yonkers International Baccalaureate High School is 66 % economically disadvantaged based on eligibility for free or decreased school tiffin. racially the school s is composed of 14 % African American, 43 % Hispanic, 14 % Asian/Pacific Islander and 28 % White/Other.The high demands of many of the kids in the Yonkers Public Schools can non ever be met due to a deficiency of support and resources, and freshly immigrated high school pupils who do non talk English are at a great disadvantage on many degrees. Besides holding to larn a new linguistic converse, they must rapidly acclimatize to a new civilization and tantrum into an American high school. The pupils are given English as Second Language classes which helps them in geting linguistic communication accomplishments but this is limited to two periods ( 1A? hours ) per two dozen hours. They are so on their ain for the remainder of the twe nty-four hours, larning math, scientific discipline, history and any other topics in English speech production categories. This can make a spread in their apprehension due to a deficiency of English linguistic communication accomplishments and this is where our resources fit in to make full that spread. Additionally, one-on-one aid can do the difference in academic accomplishments and bequeath necessarily assist them experience passel of the larger school community any second base good as the pupils experiencing that their school is a safe physical infinite to acquire acclimated.Description of ProgramThe Yonkers Public Schools has a big population of freshly immigrated pupils, and those on the high school degree have exorbitance demands as they are required to larn English every bit good as base on balls all State Regent test before graduating. The Yonkers Public Schools have suffered with inordinate calculate cuts which have about eliminated support staff in the schools that would hold been able to help these pupils during their passage.Introduction to America creates a comprehensive academic twelvemonth plan that ordain make a support system around each pupil so that they feel safe in their new environment and are able to win academically.Students in the plan lead be given several resources to help them in experiencing safe and accomplishing in school and in the community.Childs from the Yonkers High School bilingual Program will be identified by school staff to take part in the plan. ( 20 30 pupils )We will convey in adept advisers who will carry on workshops on a regular cornerstone in their categories to help the pupils with acclimatizing to society, understanding outlooks and experiencing safe.Parents will be invited to fall in in the workshops to understand how their function is relevant. ( Many freshly immigrated parents are un unstrained to step frontward and recommend for their kid out of disquietude and deficiency of cognition )Subjects w ill include ( but are non limited to ) Anti-Bullying attempts ( strong-arming and being bullied )Dangers of Social Networking heathenish alterationsHow to acknowledge and avoid packsHealth and SafetyWe will spouse with the school s bing Title trey services with particular attending to academic demands.This will supply targeted direction and maintain the pupil on par with grade degreeAssure that they take and pass the English Regent Exam pass on otiose academic support in pupils academic country ( s ) of failingEach kid will be paired with an grownup voluntary from the community that speaks their linguistic communication. This voluntary will entrust to run into with the pupil one time a hebdomad for the full school twelvemonth.The voluntary will go to the pupil s ESL ( English as a Second Language ) category every bit good as one extra category period. The voluntary acts as a charabanc to assist their pupil with category work and prep assignments. They help them with pronunciati on, interlingual rendition, and to construe cultural differences and nuanced linguistic communication which is hard for new English talkers to understand.This one-to-one attending helps to increase their communications accomplishments and familiarise them with American civilization.They will go to plan workshops with the pupil to move as a transcriber when necessary.The voluntary besides serves as a wise man by making a trusting relationship with the pupil and an enriched environment for larning and academic aid. Additionally, this offers a safe, comfy oasis, within the pupils ain school, where they can present inquiries and portion his/her sentiment this is something that whitethorn non be available in their place or with their equals.Students in the plan will besides be paired with specific American high school pupils that are culturally sensitive and want to assist take this pupil under their wing . ( Buddy system ) This brother would be available to lambast to and reply inquir ies about the school civilizationServe as a general affair between the pupil and the school community ( Such as the school nurse, instructors and decision makers )Aid with voyaging the American school system and accessing services in their ain school.Make a connexion with the general population of pupils, thusly beef uping the feeling of community, increasing tolerance and cut downing intimidation.We will work with School tribunal to look into supplyingA Safe Haven/ Drop in Center a topographic point where intimidation and other emphasis can be communicated and supply a feeling of belong to a group. ( socially- supportive )Supply appropriate resources for instructors in cultural sensitiveness and diversenessPlan ends, outlooks and resultsOur end is to run this plan in Yonkers International Baccalaureate High School and to function 20 to 30 pupils in the Bilingual Program. We will help them in bettering their linguistic communication accomplishments, attitudes towards school and acclimatization to American civilization, therefore better-looking them a better probability at success academically and beyond. We presently have pupils who speak Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese, Creole, Bengali, flesh out and Ukrainian and anticipate more fledglings who speak other linguistic communications as good.The plan s outlooks are to supply the freshly arrived immigrant pupil an enriched environment for larning withA safe infinite for pupils to inquire inquiries nurture and resources non available through the school systemAcademic aidMentoringOne on one aidPersonalized aid or each pupilThe plans ultimate result would guarantee each kid a high school sheepskin.BudgetWorkshops/Consultants2,500Volunteer Recruiting and Training Expenses3,000Plan Materials and Supplies1,800Administrative costs including direction, open dealingss, development, promotion etc.3,500Transportation ( workshops )1,200Program Personnel ( Salary and Benefits )23,000Entire Expenses35,000RationaleDue to t he globalized province of the universe there will go on to be a rise in new immigrant pupil population. This is a lively facet and there will go on to be a big migrate pupil organic structure. The pupil landscape is continually transforming. The issues that these pupils face need to be addressed every bit shortly as possible to guarantee productive educational experience. The Newly Immigrated pupils have to cover with big sums of transmutations. These alterations need to be addressed by a plan that can ease a appointed assimilation in the civilization of the community, school/student life and place life. This plan will be designed to so run into the following kineticss emotional, school and place environment. These pupils have to be given particular attending to guarantee specific demands are met. This will supply an underpinning to which these pupils can develop and hold the opportunity to prosecute higher instruction and future enterprises in a positive mode.Issues Students Fac eParents frequently clock both work and are non able to buffer the civilization shock the pupils are sing. Therefore these experiences verify to a great extent on their school experiences. ( Fellow pupils, instructors and staff ) Often these parents are unlettered in their ain linguistic communications.Culture Shock- These pupils experience a clock time period of accommodation. Thus interactions and social exchanges are important to the result of assimilation.Social isolation due to linguistic communication barriers. Invagination and coitus interruptus from immediate environment. This response is used as a header mechanism. Unable to pass on with equals will further otherize the pupil. Class engagement is lower, instructors do non hold the clip to individualise educational/classroom experience. self-esteem is affected as a consequence of non being able to interact with pupil life because their cultural mention point is different.Social disjunction frequently clip marks of i ntimidation, the response being far invagination or societal credence in negative microcosms ( packs ) . To see being a portion of the civilization.Teachers do nt hold the clip or cognition that it s non merely a linguistic communication barrier but cultural differences.At times alienated and ostracized by instructors and school staff, as in inferior pupilsHigh degrees of frustration/ impede on larningAnxiety, hence drop-out rate is higher because important demands are non being metProgram HistoryDuring the 2010-2011 school twelvemonth, for the months of April through June, a smaller version this plan was piloted at Gorton High School, archeozoic College High School and Yonkers High School in Yonkers where pupils worked with bilingual voluntaries in the community. Even with this short clip span, based on conversations with the take parting pupils, voluntaries and school forces, many of the pupils showed an betterment in attitude in their categories every bit good as improved class s on trials and schoolroom assignments. By integrating extra resources and constituents into the plan this coming twelvemonth, we hope to hold a larger impact on pupils academic accomplishment every bit good as their community engagement.The Yonkers Public Schools are holding enormous budgetary issues and have therefore non been able to fund this plan for the 2011-2012 school old ages, but have been willing to include us in grant chances, as they arise, aiming this population.DrumheadAll pupils deserve the right to see success in school and make their fullpossible. As a big portion of the hereafter of our state, all immigrant novel person should hold the samechances and dream the same dreams as their equals. Since schools serve as a conjectural account forsociety, they need to further an environment of regard for all. Using a multicultural attack andregard for diverseness in today s schools builds a stronger America. As we learn to understand each other, we learn to go a squad, w orking for the common end of regard for all world. I hope this stick to and others like it will convey greater apprehension, and contribute to the ends of encompassing diverseness and appreciating differences.

The Indian History Essay Paper

OB Notes Paper Pattern 100 Marks Q1. Compulsory. Based on Ek ruka hua faisla (Answer any 4 come out of the closet of 7 options). Example question reputation & loss leadership Traits of Character No. 7 in the video Q2 Q7. Answer any 4 (20 marks each) Q2. would be Short Notes Q3. Q7. Each question would be of devil parts (A&B). Part A scheme & Part B Caselets in DPA format Tip enchant answer in Bullet points yet. Topics 1. Basic of conduct 2. Organisation context of opp and Interdependence 3. Personality 4. Beliefs & Paradigms 5. Groups & Teams Composition, Advantages, Disadvantages, formal, sexual, How outgo police squads come into existence. . fondness set & Adaptive Values 7. Five levels of change 8. Adaptation & lead conjecture 9. knowledge 10. Conflict 11. Basic of motivating stress management & Time management, Traits from 6 Personality Traits for Transformational & Transactional, pauperization & Morale Theories 1. let out & Motoun Managerail Grid. 2 . Ringlemen Effect 3. Bruce & Tactman Model of Team formation 4. Malows Pyramid 5. The Medici Effect franz Johamsson 6. The fifith battlefield Peter Senge 7. Classic Conditional Theory of Learning 8. stimulus Response Learning 9. REBT Rational emotional de bastardlyour Theory 10. The Ice berg model 1. The Big 5 model 12. Cattells 16 Personality Factor 13. Thomas Profiling 14. FIROB 15. MBTI 16. Johari Windows 17. Transactional Analysis 18. DISC Genesis of OB -Psycology -Sociology -Social Psycology -Anthropology -Political Science Behaviour is an Action colloquy leads to behavior We communicate at all(a) clocks Types of Communication -Verbal -Non-Verbal -Written Unsound Behaviour & Sound Behaviour Sound Behaviour is Type B Behaviour -Communication is Basic -You communicate all the duration -B is a form of communication, it is external. -Value at bottom B is adapted honour Core set argon common to all of us Value (Ringleman Effect) Core Values & Adapted Values Sound Behaviour is outcome of sound values Value is a 3 leg hammer Comfort regula elevate, Meaningfullness, Identity Structural Conflicts of Values Value Level Person APerson B HighHonesty Money - LowMoneyHonesty -Nature of humans is Dynamic, not static -Self Deception How to resolve conflict in such situation? lift Diagnosis, Prescription & Action 1. Individual Discussion (with soul A & soul B separately) 2. Value set of each individual(a) 3. Identify individual addresss . Common Goal (Creation of super ordinate goals so that values of both the person atomic number 18 not diluted) Topic 2 Team & Group Team -Team is like entity -It does not form by itself. It is created outside -Taken as human being, it has its sustain value -Team is considered as native body & has emotion & cohesiveness -Team has to be flexible to achieve the super-ordinate goals (common goal/combined goal of several(predicate) persons) -Team is only when it is comprised of experts -Every member of p olice squad has to be an expert in a particular field -Success or failure of the team is because of the leader Stages in ceremonial to Informal 1.Forming Introduction, bringing team together, bringing most unification 2. Storming Conflict management & leadership, ego clashing, most important parts are resolved, it is evermore neer ending. 3. Norming Settle d have got. 4. Performing Steps a Leader has to take 1. Cohesiveness 2. Team building (strengthening the team together towards an activity) 3. Differences have to be brought down to convergence of difference 4. develop dependence mingled with team members to have convergence of difference Group -It is collection of resources (money, men, material, machine) denominated by man power -Can be form externally or internallyFormal GroupsInformal Groups 1. Goal forms outside1. Stated stick to 2. It is g all overned by certain rules2. Discipline is lacking 3. Restricted3. expectant 4. Goal oriented4. They make or break the organi sation 5. Communication & bonding not very strong5. Communication and bonding is very strong 6. Conditional behaviour towards goal achievement 7. Values may or may not exist6. Values do exist 8. Motivation driven by goal Merits of Formal Groups -Structured -Rule oriented -Disciplined -Goal oriented -Goal focused -KRAs, Duties are very clear -Stakes are very high, hence behaviour based on stakes Demerits of Formal Groups Restricted Behaviour -No transparency, not genuine -No natural bonding -No values & conflicts are always hidden Informal Groups -Within every formal structures group, we always have slack groups -In an organization each one is at a level & has got i. Power ii. Authority iii. Accountability iv. Responsibilities -Energy of informal groups should be used towards productivity -They can make or break an organization -They would not give or permit a member from another informal group with value or value system different from his group as the values and the comfort zon es & identities are different. 2 honors of Communication 1. Law of Entertainment When 2 bodies are in proximate they in conclusion entertain get affected by each other. 2. Law of Synchronicity When 2 bodies entertain over a period of time they eventually synchronize characteristics of one tends to rub of into the other & viz (emotional exchange). Reprimand in private and praise in popular 4 Zones in Life 1. Internal Zone Where you operate from your home. It is suppose to have nurturing, advice, criticism, corrections. 2. Spiritual Zone Individual Commitment with spirit 3. Work Zone 4.Social Outside the work place & home. All the mickle you meet outside the work & home. Organisation Structure HR Audit Upward Spiral Learning Curve Attitude -Congruent (Behaviour in line with thoughts) -Dissonant (difference in behaviour and thoughts) Stagnation Stage Learning intimacy + Actions (repeated actions) = Skills A encyclopedism is a learning when certain body of knowledge is in force(p)ly transferred into actionable skills -Skill phylogeny Intensifying existing & enhancing new skills -Phase of Learning of an employee in an organization 1st Phase Technical Skills nd Phase Behavorial Skills 3rd Phase Conceptual Skills -Two types of Learning a)Active Self-driven desire to learn. When an individual experiences the need to change, the learning becomes fighting(a). b)Passive compel by situations & circumstances -It is upto the individual driven by his values & perceptions to choose to actively learn or reject the learning till it reaches its higher stake -When an individual a change about to determine in future & that to with meaningfulness, he/she is on critical path of learning -Awareness of change normally initiates active learning Learning is the courage of acquiring knowledge & putting into action -Learning has ethical & moral postulate Why do we learn? -Need to Change -Situations -High Stakes Learning Block -Unawareness -Attitude (Is the knowledg e really needful by me?. ) Change Types of Change -Percieved & Non- Percieved -Fast Change & Slow Change Those changes which are perceivable by our sensorial experiences are perceivable changes, whereas those which do not fall under perceivable changes are termed as non-percievable changes. 5 Levels of Change 1. Cosmic Change (Changes in Galaxy) 2. Environmental (Global Warming) . Social Changes (Society) 4. Organic Changes (Body) 5. Cellular The whole founding is in the mould of eternal change. Change is required for evolution. The purpose of change is to adapt & evolve Adaption mean acceptance of change by addressing values & perception & thereby behaviour Adjustment is painful, adaption is powerful Adaption occurs when an individual develops self awareness of change, continuously learns & develop lateral skill 4 Stages of Learning 1. Unaware of incompetency (Ignorance) 2. Aware of the incompetancy (Knowledge) Stage where you stay or quit 3.Aware of competency (Skills) 4 . Unaware of competency (Competance) Competancy is a performance centric and not content centric Learning Theories 1. Graeco-Roman Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning 2. Response Stimulus Learning 3. Cognitive Learning 4. Social Learning 1. Classical Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning Russian Psychologist Evan Paulov conducted an experiment Dog- spunk & Bell Meat called as the unconditional stimulus, unconditional stimulus creates unconditional solvent along with the meat he sound the bell. The bell called as neutral stimulus. . Response Stimulus Learning Trial & Error Learning first principle Learning A-Antecedent, B-Behaviour, C-Consequence For every behaviour B, there is an antecedent A to consequence C any trial & error is accidental. 3. Cognitive Learning Meaningful mental map, which we create of a reality, which varies from person to person Recognise repeated cognize 4. Social Learning Learning from society (e. g. peers, friends) This is the highest form of learning followed by cognitive learning and then Stimulus response and there on ascendent vs. Back-up style of learning Trusteeship & ownership Leadership Learning Style -Ignorance -Knowledge -Skills -Competency Emotional Intelligence -Empathetic Listening -Focus to the issue and not on person -Empowerment -Who is learning & what type -EI is experiential learning Leadership -Leadership is a Style -A practiced leader has a secure ET Emotional Intelligence Steps to be a Good Leader 1. To be an empathetic listener 2. Tries to focus on the issues & solution path & not on the person 3. He empowers the participators 4. Brings in confidence building 5. To understand the learnig curve of the follower 6. He recognizes his own skills as well as others . He develops trusteeship (detachment) and not ownership (attachment) 8. He is known by his absence and not by his presence 9. He is a risk taker as he has a focus on locus of control 10. Leader is n ot a position, it is a process Types of Leadership 1. Autocratic 2. Democratic 3. Laissez Faire 4. Situational Leadership Personality + People + Effectiveness = Leadership Situational Leaders has two styles Dominant (own skill) & Back-up (learned skill) -During critical situations, dominant style comes in place Categories of Leadership 1. Trasactional Leadership Creates followers 2.Transformational Leadership -247 approach, creates leaders, creates vision -Communicate it very clearly to everybody -They act on the vision himself first. This develops inspiration among others and creates followers -People on their own join the leader -He creates future leaders -To develop EQ He has to take risk (emotional) which comes only through experience He needs to be aggressive, go getter, pushes others & himself in achieveing goals Emotional Intelligence is the cartridge extractor between Manager & Leader 6 Personality Traits 1. Locus of Control strong internals, control over situations 2. Machawallism -High Mach (highly manipulative) -Low Mach (Less Mach) 3. Type A & Type B -A = Aggressive, go getter -B = Laid Back 4. Self Motivating bankrupt ? Listen ? Reflect ? Respond. -It starts with self-awareness of ones thoughts, words & action. It converts a reaction to a response. A good leader will have a moderate level of self-monitoring 5. Risk Taking 6. Self-Esteem Blate & Motoum Managerial Grid (Training model) (1, 1) Impoverished leader least bear on for result & commonwealth (9, 1) High concern for results & least for people Autocratic (1, 9) Termed as Country Club Manager.High concern for people tho less for result (9, 9) Ideal, Proactive Manager The leader. Equal concern for both. Its not a finis but a journey which a leader constantly tries to achieve. He is a situational leader. He uses the peoples competencies towards achieving goals. He is always Ethical. Requires tremendous self-discipline. employment Personality is a connectivity between the Role & the Goal. They have personal sense of humility (5, 5) Middle of the Road Manager. It is a process. Tries to rise from the strategic level to visionary level. Personality 1.Definition 2. Traits 3. MBTI/Thomas Profiling 4. 16 PF/FIROB/DISC 1. Definition It is a sum total of inner & outer attributes, where Inner Factors Values, attitudes, perception, belief, paradigms Outer Factors Physical disposition, mannerism, habits, behaviour. All the factors put together comprises of personality -Role Clarity is subjective whereas Goal Clarity is objective -Inner factor drives the outer factor -When meaningfulness of the goal is aligned with values, perception of role, the individual develops the role personality in line with the goal. In most cases he is effective in achieving goal. For e. g. Student has a goal of learning a subject i. He must have a clarity what he is learning ii. Learning, as we know is absorption of knowledge into accomplishable action called skills. iii. This is of the purpose of acquiring knowledge is to transform an adopted behaviour then the learning is effective iv. The individual needs to focus this aspect of learning & align these aspects with consistently, he tends to play the Role Personality effectively v. Although all goals are measurable, the measurable may not indicate his learning (at times he may get higher %age, at times lower) vi.All in all his focus should be to use up knowledge & change his behaviour. So long as this focus is maintained, we can see him maintain Role Personality quite effectively. This is seen through his behaviour of active participation in all situation to beat and assimilate indulging & convert them into skill & behaviour changes Scenario A, B, C, D are team members in a certain vertical. A is hardworking but, stickler to time he works strictly 9. 00am 5. 00pm. His output is remarkable B Intelligent, genius, erratic, maverick available only when a crisis occurs.Arrogant & individual C Quiet, lai d-back, seemingly unintelligent, very obedient, slow worker, everyone likes him D Into mood swings, creates goals, disappear for days & returns & works for long hours to complete his tasks, rarely talks, very helpful though, does not like to be asked questions The above 4 team members are assigned a project for SMG (self-managed groups) The time frame is 1 month. All 4 team members need to be optimally used. Design a goal & perform a DPA by mapping characteristics, personality Create roles & goals to attain effectiveness Strengths & weakness of each team memberTeam Member A S Time management, hardworking, goal oriented, focused, commitment, disciplined, nonionised W Rigid Team Member B S Crisis management, confident, go-getter attitude, individualistic W Arrogant, selfish, individualistic (low people skills) Team Member C S Strong values, obedient, strong interpersonal skills, approachable, quiet, laid-back, good follower W laid-back, slow coach, quiet Team Member D S Goal sette r, Innovator, compassionate, helpful W Disappearing act, moody, does not like to be asked questions Need Drive theory of Motivation -All needs are basic requirements for organization When a need arises, it indicates a deficit -This deficit leads to a disturbance in comfort zone -There arises instantly within the organism, a type of drive that propels the organism to fulfill this deficit, thereby restoring comfort zone -When this fulfillment is complete, the organism is set to achieve total satisfaction -This drive is called pauperization -This drive is automatic, instant, since it has its origins on survival of species, inshort it is sense driven -Hence penury is a term given to instinct driven that almost instantaneously develops the need deficit into need fulfillment -This is the animal side of the humanIn day-to-day scenarios, we need to identify the diference between needs & wants. ineluctably are basic, wants are desired NEED(instinct) + DESIRE = unavoidableness (Rationa l) Need when fulfilled gives 100% satisfaction (does not leave any memory). A need is always an instant gratification Frustration Model It is derived from need-drive theory of motivation. If a need deficit arises in an individual, it creates a drive almost instantly to fulfill this need. While in process of fulfilling the need, if there arises an obstruction or barrier, the organism will anyway be fulfilling it through alternate means.This altered behaviour is always risky behaviour This behaviour is a repetitive behaviour. Without action there is no motivation Fundamental Theories of Motivation 1. reinforcing stimulus Theory of Motivation 2. Goal Path Theory of Motivation The individuals motivation is a result of 2 influences Internal & external What motivates you? -Content theories of Motivation i. Maslows Theory of needs ii. Fedrick Hersbergs Two factor theory of needs iii. ERG Theory of Needs albert iv. David Mc Cleelands Theory of Needs Why and how are people motivated ? Process Theories of Motivation i. Stacey Adams Equity Theory i. Victor Vrooms Theory of Expectancy iii. Poter Rollers Theory of Intrinsic rewards 1. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation It has 2 parts a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement Encouraging behaviour that are desired by an organization constitutes the frameqork of +ve reinforcement. The employees are encouraged to regret & certain behaviour that are desirable for the end customer of goal This is usually done by rewards, hence also termed as motivation by Rewards On the other hand there are certain behaviours which are not in line with organizational needs. These behaviours need to be discouraged.Instead of allowing these behaviours to repeat, organization resort to collapsing these behaviours. This is brought about through the process of punishment termed as motivation by punishment or ve reinforcement. Historically such reinforcement is resorted to at the functional level of organization, where rewards & pu nishment form the value criteria of employeess behaviour As 1st time learners, all of us resort to stimulus response learning, our behaviour are also stimulus response based. Hence, it is natural for us to respond to the reinforcement method of motivation 2. Goal Path theory of motivation