Letter From Friends Essay

We arrived at our destination a few days back, you might have heard of it. It’s that ranch near Soledad, I think u worked about 5 mile south of here a few months back. Lennie and me are doing alright, we’re working hard and saving money. Lennie still big stupid and low most probable the way you remember him, you know him. Hr still wants to stroke and pet those stupid rabbits. Cos of that he got us kicked out of weed. All the dumb bastard wanted to do was feel that little girls dress. We had to hide in a ditch for a few hours, but luckily we slicked out at night. We travelled for days looking for work until I found out this one This ranch we’re working at is okay, but I have my worries about some people. My main worry is that tart of a wife Curley has, whenever she around us men she loves flirt. So when Curley see this he goes mad and try to pick a fight like he did with Lennie but Lennie busted his hand, but any way likes to fight over nothing. So we told him if tell the boss what happen we would tell everyone what Lennie had done to his hand. We met lots of people. I have already told you about Curley and his tart of a wife. There’s the boss who is no too pleased with us cos we came late and there’s Slim who everyone respects. There’s also Candy with his dog who is not like everyone cos it’s old and smelly, but especial by a man called Carlson who today killed the dog by shooting it. And there’s that good Negro Crooks who is called Crooks cos he got kicked by horse and it made him cripple. Our bunkhouse is bull crap cos the bed bad. I suppose it better then sleeping on the floor. But the worst thing is that the bottles of insecticides are put in the room. So the room stinks, but it does keep flies away. That fool Curley worries me cos all he want is it fight. He always wants to pick on some for no reason. If it’s not Lennie, it’s me or its some one else he want to pick on. I think if no one stops him or he don’t stop even though Lennie busted his hand. I’ll tell Lennie to kill him, I swear to ya will! Pete do ya remember that dream that we had, it could it could come true cos of that man called. Candy. Me and lennie were talking about the dream and he was listening, then we stared talk about the dream with him. So candy wants to be apart of it. His even got $450 dollars and he said he will put it towards the ranch. So I said ok. It will be so great not having a boss to tell ya to work or out of his ranch. Do ya remember about that promise we made to each other. That one where, if one of us got a ranch the other would work on it. So I’m going to keep my promise and ask you to come work on this ranch if we get it. Lennie wants to say hello. He just reminded. O yea did I tell ya Lennie going to get a puppy of that man, Slim. Write back please. Hope to hear from u soon!

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

Our company is Audi AG. Audi is headquartered in Germany and is a subsidiary of Volkswagen since 1966. Founded in 1909 by automotive pioneer August Horch, Audi specializes in high end and luxurious automobiles (â€Å"Audi Club North America Northeast â€Å", 2014). Audi’s cars collection is comprised of sedan, SUVs, convertible, coupe, diesel and hybrids. Audi is one of the three biggest luxury cars companies in the world. Our plan is to launch our newest headlights technology along with thousands of new cars around the globe. The automobile market is driven by technology and Audi intent to be the premium brand (â€Å"Audi Ag†, 2014).We intent to do so, by delighting our customers worldwide (â€Å"Audi Ag†, 2014). Safety is the number one decision motivator when purchasing a car regardless of where you live and Audi wants to capitalize on that. To predict our consumer’s buying impulses, we will rely on social, cultural and personal factors (Kotler & Keller, 2012).Now is the best time to launch such a product as people drive more and more due in part to recent planes crashes and disappearance. By making night rides safer, Audi intent to gain an edge against its competitors and increase annual sales. Germany and the USA will be our launching platform. We intend to maximize our sales by putting together a strong advertising campaign. We will be utilizing social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, we will also advertise via television, radio, billboard, etc. Our advertising team is composed of Me Philippe Biboum, Kevin Mobley, Kirkland Browne, Dana Cannon, Tameika Mclean and Johanna Gutierrez. We are highly qualified and we have combined over twenty years of experience in this field. Here are the components of our plan. Executive summary Situational analysis Market growth potential and competitive analysis Segmentation, target market, and positioning Pricing and distribution strategies Marketing communication plan Financial information(including forecasting demand, break-even, sales, promotional budget, and marketing expense) Intended marketing objectives for Y1, Y2, and Y3 Evaluation and control metrics and methodology to measure performance Contingency planning Situational Analysis The â€Å"Audi of America News Channel† (2014) website stated that in July 2014, Audi increased its sales by 11.9%. This represents the 43rd consecutive record sales for our brand. The launch of our new headlights technology will increase sales even more. Germany and America will be our test launch and we are confident that it will be a success. Our target markets are rich men and women as well as families. Our product will be sold to every individual who is able to purchase and maintain a luxury car. We have a wide collection of cars to will fit everyone lifestyle. In terms of demography, our product aims at people between the age of 25 and 60 who have a lot of money. We recently have been making cheaper car to capture the consumers less than 25 years of age. Audi is aware of the fact that gender, family status and age influence car buying, that is why we built certain models fit younger generation like the A6, SUVs and sedan for families and coupe for single people. Geographically speaking, Audi knows that car buying differ according to the location. Our product will be appealing to individuals who live in the outskirts of big cities, or deep in the country because they often have to drive on roads that are not well lit. Social class, personalities and lifestyles divide the market into psychographic segmentations. Audi’s cars are aimed at upper social classes. We target individual who like a flashy lifestyle and want to show their wealth because we know they can afford the technology. About the market growth, we know that there is a need for a product such as our new headlights. According to the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), good quality headlights are one of the best ways to avoid car crashes (â€Å"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety†, 2012). The recent  plane crashes along with airfare are driving people to drive more and more. We know we will increase our sales as long as we have a strong marketing campaign to advert ise our product. SWOT analysis One of the strength here is that our product provides a safer nighttime driving experience for drivers who do long distance driving. The cost to add the feature will increase the purchase price of the vehicle and this is a weakness. An opportunity could be the effective utilization of marketing approaches will help to determine market need (i.e. surveys) and gain a competitive advantage (promotion, placement/positioning. Audi’s competitors such as BMW, Mercedes Benz, etc. can use the same or similar product if there is no patent on the development of the product and this is a threat to our bottom line. Our key to success here is to respond to consumer demand by creating a product they want and need. That product is the new headlights technology. This product will separate us from our competition because it is an innovation, it will help save lives and increase our bottom line. Market growth potential Audi’s goal is to slowly integrate their LED headlight technology into all of their vehicles. They will begin by installing them in higher-level class of vehicles as an â€Å"upgrade† option. Brighter, longer lasting headlight bulbs will reduce the cost of replacing regular bulbs, and brighter headlights will increase driver visibility at night. Audi expects competitors to install similar devices in their vehicles; however, Audi believes their version is longer lasting, brighter and safer for Audi drivers as well as, other drivers on the road. Competitive Analysis The automobile industry is fiercely competitive in the United States as well as, internationally. In 2006-2008, the automobile industry suffered a significant financial loss, especially the big three in Detroit. Foreign automobile manufacturers took advantage and saw growth. While some Asian and European manufacturers also suffered, many upgraded base models to entice buyers to purchase their product. Automakers did what they could to gain the upper hand against their competitors. Audi was no different, seeing a drop in sales during this time. For many customers, safety, reliability, and  fuel efficiency are increasingly important, more so than flash, speed, and power. The safety and visibility of an Audi driver is a priority Audi is attempting to increase. Segmentation The market segmentation has spate, but distinct parts: geographical, psychographic, and demographic. Audi will use geographical sales statistics to determine where sales are highest. Introducing upgrades and changes to Audi vehicles to the customers who buy them more frequently will benefit Audi and satisfy customer demand. Audi is responding to increasing customer demand for safety; therefore, increasing driver visibility satisfies customer demand. Moreover, the longer lasting, brighter headlights benefit teen and elderly drivers who may become easily distracted or have difficulty seeing at night. The increase in safety may also decrease accidents, which will make insurance companies happy. Target Market Audi is not specifically targeting one particular group; however, brighter lights will benefit drivers with limited experience or with poor vision or night vision the most. Elderly drivers are more likely to benefit from brighter headlights to increase their visibility at night. The headlight feature is not limited to elderly drivers though, all drivers can benefit from the safety feature. Audi expects high customer satisfaction and will eventually implement the LED headlight in all of their models. Any driver concerned for safety is part of the market Audi is targeting. Longer lasting lights means less maintenance cost, and brighter lights means other drivers can see the Audi sooner, and the Audi driver can see the road or and any debris in the road, sooner. Positioning Positioning is important, and precise placement of the headlight translates to better driver visibility. However, regardless of how bright or long lasting the headlight is, defensive, non-distractive driving is key to reduce traffic accidents and avoiding road hazards. Moreover, the ability to see an item in the road sooner will help the driver prevent a collision; however, failure to pay attention to the road will increase the potential for at-fault accidents and collisions. While many discard some features as â€Å"unnecessary,† brighter, longer lasting headlights is a product Audi feels  confident implementing, and confident customers will respond in an overwhelmingly positive way. Pricing & Distribution When looking at pricing and distribution there are several factors to be considered. The wholesaler’s will always calculate its prices by adding the cost of the product itself (headlights), wages involved in the production, the overheads and cost to deliver such. Then, after the wholesaler calculates a reasonable mark-up, the product will then be sold to Audi. It is then Audi’s job to make the best out of this product by the promotion it carries out. Before Audi agrees to any business with a headlight manufacturer Audi strategizes and plans a how to price and distribute. Audi is a well-known luxurious vehicle where they now will have an added feature to promote safety. The sales potential are very high as we are targeting those that enjoy road trips, those that are behind the wheel for extended amount of hours. Audi then has to reanalyze its decision and consider losses, what if this does not work, how this will impact our business, what are other cost effective routes we can take. These are all considerations Audi has to take into play if the brighter headlights for their vehicles do not create more sales. This is going to be considered as a standard on all of Audi vehicles, it is not an add on feature Audi plans of charging extra for. Marketing Communication Plan Audi believes in its product. Before a company can be successful it must build its own awareness. Audi has built that awareness! Every day you see accidents caused by poor visibility due to poor lighting. Audi will use this to their advantage when marketing and communicating to its customers and potential customers the advantages of Audi’s new improved headlights. Furthermore, it is advantageous for Audi to stress the fact that the price tag of the vehicles have not changed due to the improved and upgraded headlights. Audi has been dedicated to communicate to its customers, potential customers and competitors that they have the solution for accidents caused by poor visibility due to poor lighting. They are advertising this through every mean of communication possible. Then internet/ media is a huge marketing communication source, the radio, newspapers, billboards, and the public itself by word of mouth. When driving  on the road if you see an Audi vehicle you will see the di fference in their bright headlights when compared to other vehicles. Asserting the fact that you communicate with all of your customers and potential customers plays a vital part in how successful this will be. Audi has identified families and one of their targets and this is the main target we are communicating our new product to. Audi has partnered and networked with different sources such as â€Å"safety programs† and/ or famous people, have also taken it a step ahead by recording infomercials on highways, dark roads and valleys to show its costumers the strength behind the new headlights their vehicles have. Audi has been servicing consumers upwards of one hundred plus years and Audi intends on being a provider until the end of time in order to stay relevant in the automotive industry Audi is aware of the evolving of automobiles. Audi has done its research throughout the years and through the years consumer safety has remained the number one factor when building an effective brand. Audi has continued to serve the consumer while remaining at the head of its class of Luxury automobiles. In past research through the National Highway Traffic Administration Audi found that one of the major issues of car accidents within the United States stemmed from blinding headlights (NHTA, 2013). The new product that Audi seeks is to install the LED headlights with objectives based around consumer safety first as well as profits. The objectives provided focused on the product from beginning to end starting from year one when Audi began searching for the new product to elevate the company. Audi will definitely captivate its target audience as well as reach its sales growth, once it begins manufacturing the product and getting the products in its show rooms. Objectives: Year 1 Completed research on issues surrounding vehicle safety Find the issue and find a product that will assist in increasing consumers comfort when driving Find target audience Year 2 build a Safe brand to suite consumers’ needs  implement the strategy in vehicles that target our initial consumer market (families) seek profits of upwards of 10-15 percent within the first year Year 3 Implement products in remaining vehicle models that service all consumers. Seek to increase Revenue another 10 to 30 percent Begin research on new product to assist with current features Financial Information It is imperative that the financial outlook of Audi for 2014 is predicated on the prior performance drivers. In 2013, the Audi A4, A6, Q5, and Q7 experienced increased sales from the previous years over the other vehicle models. The A4 and A6 belong to the sedan category and the Q5 and Q7 are in the SUV/crossover category. That being said, it is forecasted that these same vehicle category’s sales will continue to increase in 2014. Therefore, the introductory marketing of the new headlight designs should be donned in the aforementioned vehicle models. Moving forward, the following financial data, to include forecasted demand, sales, break-even point sales/units, and marketing/promotional budget expense, shall represent the four top selling vehicle models. Audi is looking to increase revenue by four percent annually over the next three years. With the addition of the enhanced headlights, Audi believes the projected forecasts will be successful. Figures A – D illustrate the proposed forecasts for each vehicle. Figure A. Figure B. Figure C. Forecasted Break-Even Point Analysis Figure D. Evaluation and Control Metrics Utilizing control metrics to measure the success rate of employed strategies is a very important aspect of the marketing plan. Ensuring the success of the chosen methods of marketing is needed to determine if changes should be and/or can be made to increase revenue. There are a variety of metrics tools that can be used to benchmark marketing data, but identifying four of  them will suffice for this particular analysis. 1 Market Size – the number of units sold to a market in a specific period of time (1 year). 2 Market Share – the number of units sold in a specific period of time that represents a percentage of the entire market size. 3 Brand Awareness – Actual and potential customers being able to identify the Audi brand. 4 Customer Satisfaction – Customer’s perception of Audi’s product and service delivery. (www.dobney.com, p.4-25). Contingency Planning The contingency plan for Audi headlights is very simple. As headlights are already used on every make and model, these advances in technology are not the reinvention of the wheel. These changes propose no danger to the continued success of Audi’s business operations. We will apply for a patent which will protect our new LED technology and lighting design for two years, and we actively pursue all copyright infringement to prevent any future instances. As it is inevitable that after the two year protected period that others will follow our lead we will use those two years to develop new designs with respect to LED lighting that will not only increase safety, but will also define Audi’s brand by a visual representation contained in our headlight assembly. A lighted trademark if you will. Our definition of success with respect to contingency planning will be to defend our position for the first two years while developing a trademarked light design for all future Audi models. References Anonymous. Understanding market metrics. Retrieved August 17, 2014 from http://www.dobney.com/Research/market_metrics.htm AUDI AG. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.audi.com/corporate/en/company/corporate-strategy.html Audi Club North America Northeast. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.neqclub.org/about-us/audis-history.html Audi of America News Channel. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.audiusanews.com/newsroom.do;jsessionid=B4BD8EEE4DAD44DA49C746C83D80A7BE?&id=65&allImage=1&name=sales-news&mid=98 Insurance Institute for

An Analysis of Sonnet 130 Essay

Iambic Pentameter: The poem uses an iambic pentameter, a rhythmic scheme used in sonnets. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFEF GG, and is split into three quatrains and a rhyming couplet. It contains 10 syllables per line, with syllables alternating between unstressed and stressed when spoken aloud. This gives the sonnet the effect of sounding like a regular love poem, but upon closer examination of the words used we can tell that the poem and its intentions are completely different. The Final Couplet: In Sonnet 130, the persona describes the woman with unflattering terms such as â€Å"black wires grow on her head† and â€Å"in the breath from that my mistress reeks†. However, even though he points out her numerous flaws he still declares his love for her, suggesting that he embraces all her traits and characteristics and loves her nonetheless. This is further exemplified in the final couplet of the poem, â€Å"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare; as any she belied with false compare. This sudden contrast, despite being contradictory to the previous lines of the poem, is significant in showing that regardless of her flaws he is still wholly in love with her. Throughout the poem, the persona compares his mistress to that of an imaginary, perfect woman. However, in the last lines we see that the persona chooses the real woman with all her imperfections over the â€Å"goddess† he has never seen. Rhyme Alternating rhymes: The rhyme schem e is ABABCDCDEFEF GG. â€Å"Sun† rhymes with â€Å"dun†, â€Å"red† and â€Å"head†, and so on, before ending with â€Å"rare† and â€Å"compare†. This enhances the image of a seemingly dull woman that the persona describes – the woman in question is said to have breasts which are dun, suggesting that she is sexually unattractive. Her lips are contrasted with that of coral, â€Å"Coral far more red than her lips’ red†. Red is the colour of sensuality, and thus the persona is stating that she is not a sensual woman. The effect that this rhyming scheme gives is to contrast the persona’s definition of beauty as a part of nature and the woman’s flaws. Third Quatrain and Final Couplet: The persona declares that he would â€Å"love to hear her speak†, despite her voice being less beautiful than music. This is the first time in the poem that praise has been conferred upon the persona’s mistress. He then goes on to compare the woman with that of a goddess, the highest being and his imperfect mistress. The final lines introduce a change in the rhyming scheme, with a couplet ending the rhythmic three quatrains. The couplet is used to introduce a new idea, that despite the woman’s flaws, the persona ‘s love for her is higher than that of the heavens. This highlights a key theme of the poem – regardless of the woman’s physical flaws and looks, the persona is able to see past her looks and still be beautiful in his eyes. This is significant because in the Shakespearean Era, the role of women was to please man with a beautiful face and body, and here we see Shakespeare expressing his love for a woman who did not possess many of these qualities.

Price and Demand in the UK Tennis Tournament Essay

Price and Demand in the UK Tennis Tournament - Essay Example The intervention of this situation has both negative and positive consequences. For instance, the set price from the government’s perspective is a positive factor that can enable it to control and regulate the average prices in order to achieve a given level of market output. Moreover, this will enable consumers to afford the prices because of their relative low nature (Taylor, 2008). However, this intervention will help create a black market for illegal transactions resulting from the technique of first comes, first to be served because scrupulous individuals will access the tickets in advance with the aim of selling them later in the black markets at high prices for profit. For instance, according xxx the price of a ticket in the black market is around $379.12, which is higher by about $273.76 of their actual price in the market. Therefore from the society’s point of view, this is a negative consequence which increasing the standard of living (Banerjee & Duflo, 2011). In addition, this intervention and development of the black market will have negative repercussions on the general economy. Firstly, it will result to underestimation of the gross domestic product (GDP) and national income of the UK. Therefore, because of this the government cannot be able to determine the real status of the economy in order to establish correct policies aimed at improving the standards of living for its citizens. Secondly, the rise of the black market can create employment opportunities for the local people.

Constitution Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitution Paper - Essay Example 3. â€Å"He has rejected his Assent to Statutes, the majorly wholesome and important for the civic good†. These remains tackled by the whole constitution through establishing the configuration of the state and in Article IV paragraph 2 â€Å"This constitution†¦ shall be the highest statute of the earth† 4. â€Å"He has forbidden his Governors to pass Statutes of instant and imperative significance, unless postponed in their function till his Assent must remain acquired†; and when so postponed, he has completely ignored to listen to them†. This remains handled through the listed powers in Article I section 8. It narrates what the state remains permitted to perform and in Amendments 9 and 10 where everything else remains preserved to the individuals and the governments. 5. â€Å"He has assembled collectively legislative organs at areas uncommon, uncomfortable, and far from the store of their civic Records for the one aim of tiring them into conformity w ith his steps†. This remains tackled through Article I Section 4 â€Å"The parliament shall meet at least one time annually, and such congregation must be on the earliest Monday in December, except they through statute select a varying day†. ... (At this moment, no restrain of periods had remained fixed). b. Assembly has the authority to lay and collect taxes and control trade with foreign countries, and within the governments. c. The judicial authority will remain vested in a single highest court and lower courts. d. To suggest modifications to the Constitution, two thirds of the two Houses vote to suggest a modification. To approve an alteration, three fourths of the government parliaments should endorse it. e. Assembly has the authority to form and promote military and navy, and to create policies and guidelines for the military and navy to stand by. The Great Compromise remained an accord made amongst the parties to the Constitutional Convention that the American state could have two houses in Assembly: the Senate where every government has double senators and the House of Representatives where every government has several Representatives founded on demography. Due to the Great Compromise of 1787, the Constitution offere d for crucially varying kinds of Representation in the House and Senate. Membership in the House remains relative to the demography of the government. The figure of Representatives to which every government remains permitted has determination each ten years following a countrywide poll, or head tally has remained taken. In the initial Assembly, every party to the House signified 30,000 constituents (Peterson, 2009). Through the 103rd Assembly, the middle House party signified almost 600,000 constituents. Initially, the figure of Representatives increased with every poll, from 105 the 1790 poll to 435 following the 1910 poll. Then Assembly solidified the figure at 435 to maintain the House at a controllable dimension. The

Testable hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Testable hypothesis - Essay Example Its meaning, from a social perspective and from the scope of the reading, is coming together of people who have a common aim in the society and the aim can be implemented at different levels of the associations. Social stability and morality are other variables in the hypothesis. Social stability refers to existence of a systematic and sustainable framework of social norms that may be enforced by a social centre of power or a virtual authority. Morality however defines acceptable acts in a society and emanates from established norms. Operationalization of variables The hypothesis seeks to determine the role of association in moderating social stability and morality. Number and size of associations are the dependent variables while social stability and morality are independent variables. Two measures are used to investigate two independent roles of association. One measure is the number of associations in a locality. The other measure is the size of association in terms of number of m embers, and population size is the measurement basis, measurable on a ratio scale, for both measures. Social stability is measured based on experienced consistency in values within associations and ability to enforce such values. A scale, on a range of one to ten, and based on experiences among members of association is applicable in measuring level of social stability in associations. Incidences of outstanding cases of immorality, leading to mass calls for corrective measures, form basis of determining level of morality within associations. Possible sources of data Members of associations and published empirical data on associations are the possible sources of data for testing the hypothesis. Hypothesis 2 Another testable hypothesis, based on the reading, explores the relationship between independence of the press and perceived level of liberty in a jurisdiction (Tocqueville, 1953, p. 96, 97. The following is the testable hypothesis for the relationship. H2: Level of independence o f the press determines the level of liberty that people enjoy in a territory Definition of variables Two variables, independence of the press and people’s liberty, are important to the hypothesis. Independence of the press defines freedom of the press from regulations by political and legal authorities. Even though a level of regulation is necessary, some regulations are controversial and are widely perceived to be restrictive to the role of the press and the hypothesis focuses on these regulations. Liberty defines statutory rights of citizens and such rights are protected from arbitrary actions by authorities. Operationalization of variables Independence of the press is the hypothesis’ independent variable while liberty is the dependent variable. Number of controversial regulations over freedom of press measures level of independence of the press, on an inverse scale, across provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Number of controversial regulations, limiting people ’s rights and freedoms in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions measures level of liberty on an inverse scale. The measurements are in ratio scale. Possible sources of data Human rights activist groups and legal experts, especially experts who specialize in human rights and freedom of press is the possible source of data. Hypothesis 3 Another possible testable hypothesis is on the role of unrestricted liberty on defining level of anarchy in a territory and the hypothesis

Research proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Proposal - Research Paper Example This research proposal aims at establishing the impact that the use of social media as a means of communication has had on human conduct and behavior. A number of issues have been presented in favour of continued use of social media as a means of communication. Some of the arguments include quick means of information delivery, promotion of business operations, aiding learning in schools among other views. Arguments against the use of social media include loss of privacy, identity theft, loss of face to face interaction among others. However there is less information that can be used to defend either stand on the impact of social media on human beings and this forms the basis for this research proposal. The methods that will be applied in data collection will be based on both secondary and primary sources. This will include the use of questionnaires with open end questions presented to students who use social media as a means of communication, personal interviews aimed at receiving direct feedback from various categories of people and online research on the topic. The statistical analysis will take into consideration the variation between the qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data will be done by computing the mean and standard deviation of all the values. Correlation coefficients between human behavior and usage of social media will be taken into consideration. Linear regression will also be undertaken when analyzing the specific cases where social media influences the behavior of human beings. Analysis of the content from in depth interviews will form part of the qualitative

How globalization changes Canadas urban development after World War 2 Essay

How globalization changes Canadas urban development after World War 2 - Essay Example These are guided by the primary political objectives of the ruling power and the intricacies of welfare culture’s regional disparities (McBride & Mcnutt, 2007, p. 194). â€Å"Neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have dominated politics for the last 25 years. Essentially, neo-liberalism contains many elements. The foundation of neo-liberalism is a free-market economy, where there is as little government intervention as possible (Abu – Jazar, 2009).† In addition, it is one of the primary objectives of neo – liberalism to effect the privatization of public services. It is contended by its votaries that the private sector, being better equipped in this context, will provide these services in a much more optimal manner. Moreover, the proponents of neo – liberalism argue in favor of reduced expenditure on social services. The aim of this reduced spending being the minimization of intervention by the government (Abu – Jazar, 2009). The reduction of governmental intervention and promotion of individuality, ensures that a neo – liberal state is peopled by individuals who compete against all the other residents of that state. This promotes tremendous economic growth, as every individual is compelled to fend for himself, without relying upon the state to lend him anything more than the most basic support. A major criticism that is levelled against neo – liberalism is that it generates socio – economic disasters. An instance being the vast disparity between the poor and rich of the developed nations (Abu – Jazar, 2009). From the perspective of the competition state, the cardinal objectives are to promote economic growth and synchronize policy in a manner that complies with the requirements of the global market. Neoliberals are furnished a useful reference, in achieving these goals, by the global hegemonic ideology and the national policy experiments (McBride & Mcnutt, 2007, p. 194). Furthermore, a

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical writing - Essay Example cking are still being looked into, the various department heads of the company have decided to restrict the use of the email address to only official business until further notice. Our IT staff will also closely monitor the use of the email system and call the attention of those who violate the new policy. Continued violation of the new email policy will result in employee dismissal. Due to the delicate nature of our POS business, our company has decided to implement a Unique Employee Password Generation system on a monthly basis to replace our old individiualized password system that was based upon personal choice. This change is being undertaken by our IT department in cooperation with our Human Resources Department over the next month. You may access your Unique Employee Password by undertaking the following steps: Should you have any problems accessing your POS rights after the assignment of the new password, please do not hesitate to call the attention of Lisa Loeb at lisa.loeb@smssales.com. She is our point person during the implementation of this new project and she will always be on call to help you sort out any problems you might have as we slowly roll out this new password system. As a valued member of Eco Hotel and Spas Nature Lovers Club, it is my honor and privilege to present you with this free voucher for a weekend stay at our newest and most environmentally friendly hotel, the Azure Beach Resort. Our newest waterfront hotel this side of Beverly Hills. Located in on the north side of Beverly Hills, the beach boasts of the finest white sand this side of California, the bluest water to rival the color of our skies, and the pristine and almost untouched by human hands natural beauty of the forest adjacent to the hotel and beach. This members only beach resort shall have its soft opening on June 15, 2013 with only a handful of carefully selected Nature Lovers Club members gracing the occassion. I am more than pleased to have this opportunity to

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane Assignment

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane - Assignment Example The paper gives detailed information about the movie "The Making of the Hurricane". This movie proves that there exist injustices in the world, including the criminal systems, which are supposed to be just. Close to the end of this bonus documentary, the producer admits that the movie attempts to unravel the injustices in the world. This is through its based on the life of Rubin Carter, a fighter with promise, who was incarcerated for something he did not do. The producer argues that injustices are existent in society, and these include racism, political injustices, among many other forms. Carter himself adds that the movie is based on redemption, specifically his redemption. He also notes that the movie is meant to inspire people in overcoming adversity in life. All these roots from the injustices that Carter had to undergo in his life. According to Carter, his rescue from the hands of injustice was a complete miracle. Similarly, another actress in the movie notes that injustices in society have persisted in various spheres, but the human spirit is strong enough to endure them. She considered Carter strong-hearted, because he underwent all that, and still manages to smile. From this documentary, I have learned new things about the whole issue surrounding Rubin Carter and generally, his life. Although the past events in Rubin’s life are quite known by different people, this documentary has revealed to me some surprising facts. First, I am surprised that in the process of shooting the movie, the crew kept in close contact with Rubin Carter.

Scottish Folk Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scottish Folk Music - Essay Example It was introduced in the Scottish music industry many years ago (around the 15th century) and was recognized as a family and professional instrument. It passed on from generation to generation. The bagpipe is used in dances all across Scotland. Also, singing along with the music played from traditional instruments like Harp and bagpipe is also a common practice in Scotland. Some Scottish music is also specific to certain region and hence all in all, Scottish folk music is considered to be very unconventional and diverse. Many different musical instruments are used in playing Scottish music. One such instrument is the accordion which is mostly used by the countryside musicians. The bagpipe is another very popular instrument and it has already been discussed earlier. The Fiddle has been used to create regional music and is said to have evolved over time. It is used for playing cheerful and lively beats. The guitar is considered to be new in Scottish music and the harp, which is treated as an ancient musical instrument. Although Scottish music was never dull enough to be revived, it is said that Scottish music underwent a revival in the 1960s. Scottish singers always had an international following and heavy sales, in 1960s came the innovation to rejuvenate the spirit of the music. In 1970s, the music evolved from being completely a solo affair to being a band. In the 1980’s duos started and a popularity of rock and metal was observed. Ad in the present times, Scottish music is enjoyed in the form of symphonies and operas. Also Jazz is especially liked in Scotland and numerous famous artists have played their part in mingling Jazz with traditional Scottish music. One vocal genre of Scottish music is the Bluegrass music. It is a form of Jazz and is symbolized by tunes called breakdowns. It’s just like the old-time music in which only one instrument would dominate and continue to be played while other instruments would accompany it. Different people fro m all over the world like Bluegrass music and enjoy it. It is played on traditional acoustic music string instruments. It is also characterized by upright bass and guitar. But apart from instrumentation, the distinguishing aspect of Bluegrass music is the vocals. Inclusion of other musical instruments like accordion, harmonica, drums, harp and electric guitar resulted in an evolution of Bluegrass to Newgrass. Vocals are also done very differently with two, three or four parts. It is done with a deviating sound in the highest voice. This style of music is called ‘high lonesome sound’ The music itself is influenced by the music of African Americans. The orientation of the vocals and its synchronization is called Stack. A stack principally has a background voice, a main lead voice and a tenor voice. However, it is not necessary that one sticks to this sequence while singing a stack especially when female voices are included. The early days of the genre followed this trio t ype arrangement. Famous vocalists in this field include Alisson Krauss, Howard Watts and Osborne brothers. Blue grass music is enjoyed all over the world because people can easily relate to it; it is actually a narration from the everyday lives of people. This might include their love life, other tensions, unhappiness with changes that were unwelcomed or financial burdens that people face. It ranges from discussing the difficulty of living in

Scientific Method activity Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method activity Essay Complete the Scientific Method activity on the student website. Write a 350 word paper on the scientific method. Include the following: Describe how you applied the steps of the scientific method in the activity. Describe a real-life problem where you have or could have used the scientific method. Include the steps involved in solving the problem. I completed both the tomato growing and the car starting exercises. I first identified the problem. The tomato plants were not producing as many tomatoes as they had in the past, the car would not start. I then questioned why the plants were not producing and why the car would not start. I looked at my options for the tomato plants. First I thought that the plants needed more water. I tried this theory and was wrong. I went back to my options on how to solve the problem. Next I thought maybe the soil needed more nutrients. Once again I was wrong. Last, I tried the hypothesis of the plants needing more sun, and placed the tomato plants in a green house. This experiment worked and the plants began producing more tomatoes. With the car I had options of car battery or fluids. I tried the car battery thinking that the cables may be loose. I was wrong. I tired changing the spark plugs and fuses. I was wrong. I went back to the car battery and tried a charge. Once again I was wrong. With my only option now being the fluid I tried adding gasoline to the car and the car started. Through both experiments I observed the problem, questioned it, came up with one hypothesis, made a prediction, tired an experiment, came up with results and when I found my hypothesis was incorrect I came up with another and proceeded through the steps until my experiment was successful. Each time we do an experiment we get results. When our results aren’t working to our benefit we have to rethink. A new hypothesis must be made with the prediction of correct results. In both cases with the tomatoes and the car we learn from trial and error. A real life situation where I could have used the scientific method is for example; my stomach hurts. I have observed the situation. Why does my stomach hurt? Hypothesis – I have not been getting all of my daily nutrients. Prediction- My stomach hurts because I have not been eating right. Experiment- I try eating daily recommended servings of grains,  protein, veggies, fruits and milk products. Result- My stomach no longer hurts. I deal with this regularly because I do not eat right. I toy with eating different things, adding or taking away from my daily diet. I use the scientific method on a daily basis.

Wal Marts Sustainability Strategy Management Essay

Wal Marts Sustainability Strategy Management Essay Wal-Mart attained its present stature as a leader of discount retailer solely due to the innovative vision of its founder Sam Walton. Wal-Mart still today follows the traditional goals and philosophies left behind by Sam, coupled with the practice of keeping one step ahead of ever changing technologies and the nature of the business environment in which it operates. In spite of the controversies over different issues confronting it and still being faced, the future is bright, if and only if it strikes a comfortable balance seen increasing in its profit and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. Evaluation of Design process: The success of Wal-Mart lies mainly due its sound managerial decisions and the innovative implementation of sustainability strategies to dramatically reduce the companys impact on the global environment and in an effort to become the most competitive and innovative company in the world. The company believed in the three cardinal principles, that is To be supplied 100 percent by renewable energy; to create zero waste; and to sell products that sustaining our resources and the environment. The gist of the decision implementation by Wal-Mart lies in its ability to build a solid working relationship with both suppliers and employees, taking note of the most intricate details in store layout and necessary merchandising techniques, capitalizing in every cost saving technique, and creating a high performance spirit. Below are some of the important strategies implemented by Wal-Mart which were responsible for its success. One of it first initiative was to launch a campaign to encourage its s uppliers to provide environment friendly and safe products in recyclable or biodegradable packaging at no additional cost. Wal-Mart intended to influence its suppliers to spend more on RD so as to find the safer modes of processing and packing and that too without passing the cost on to them. This wasnt a strategy indented to make it rich, but it was a started as a campaign for environmental benefit and which earned them a lot of good will among environmentalist. Wal-Mart also started creating green shelf tags to mark the products the vendors created that were environmentally friendly. This was one of it first step towards sustainability. But slowly company lost track of its primary strategic priorities. Wal-Mart soon realized this and started to revamp its sustainable strategy in an effort to make it to be long lasting and deeply embed it in its operations as envisaged by Scott. Scott lead the sustainability strategy to keep the environmental improvements tightly coupled with the business value and profitability for the strategy to succeed as well as challenged themselves to find new ways to drive measureable results. Several proposals were considered and many of which had bigger ideas on how Wal-Mart could profitably reduce environmental impacts. In the initial proposals put forward Wal-Mart wanted to differentiate itself from its competition, maintain a license to grow, and remain consistent to its commitment and serving customer with everyday low prices by perusing an offensive strategy. The management realized that sustainability could represents the biggest opportunity for the 21st century and proposed that Wal-Mart and its complex supply chain could become even more efficient by making its operations even more environment friendly. They believed if sustainability was to be taken seriously, it meant not just the environment and but also includes health care, wages, ethical sourcing and globalization and everything as a whole. With this in mind Wal-Mart started its campaign initially focusing on the environment. Large part of it efforts were spent working with the various Government and Environmental agencies to identify which of its products and processes created greatest environmental impacts. After its large scale investigation Wal-Mart narrowed down the problem to 3 primary areas: Energy, Waste and Products, and decided that it would focus its environmental goals for reducing the Wal-Marts impact on the environment. Increasing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, and reducing waste in retail operations were decided to be the direct goals à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯ goals that could be achieved by making changes that were within Wal-Marts more immediate control. It understood that providing more sustainable products was an indirect goal which would also require the involvement of Wal-Mart suppliers and their help to accomplish . Wal-Mart also learned that the best way to generate good will is to serve society as it did for the hurricane Karina victims. It actively participated in helping provide relief to the people of New Orleans and its surrounding areas as a result earned the trust of every one. Next the company came up with 14 sustainable value networks with a leader identified who would be driving the sustainability in different parts of the business. As the sustainability effort picked up momentum it was quick to realize that the sustainability doesnt involve extra work but is only a new way of approaching ones own work. Hence it started assigning new responsibility for people in their existing position rather than creating new jobs and made it an integral part of the work every one performed. Other notable change of the implementation was to look outside, which was a major shift from the usual way Wal-Mart used to conduct its operations focused internally. The strategy represented a major cultural change for the organization, seeking ideas from all consultants, NGOs suppliers, eco-friendly competitors, academicians and even its critics. It is also engaged in a dialogue with the government regarding climate change and a curb on green house gas emissions. The collaborativ e approach was doing wonders and it decided to make it a part of the ongoing sustainability model. All across the 14 value networks, hundreds of external entities where asked to join and participate on an ongoing basis and the primary criterion was to include and engage folks who are genuinely committed to desired future outcomes. Wal-Mart started engaging in dialog with government policy makers regarding climate change. It opposed a carbon tax as it will be passed on to customers and therefore advocated a cap and trade system and endorsed proposals for market based programs for reducing green gas emissions. The networks were encourage to develop a sensing organization that is aware of the external business environment, and able to incorporate this perspective into business decisions that create long term value. The networks were give the freedom to define their own sustainability objectives and plot their own course. The strategy can briefly be summed up as ENGAGE , EXPLORE and EXP AND. Engagement mean looking beyond Wal-Marts traditional stakeholders to identify and work with a broader community of participants that could provide information, subject matter expertise, and other resources to help Wal-Mart further define and achieve its environmental goals. Exploration included analyzing the life cycle of particular products. Exploration included analyzing the life cycle of particular products or services and investigating the related environmental issues. Determine where and how the company could change its business model to address the needs and concerns of this broader community, as well as its traditional stakeholders. Global logistics were able to leverage existing programs and quickly started to making progress by improving the fuel efficiency by 25 percent. As China is a geography and the fact that it touched all the networks Wal-Mart was in a fix as what is to be done. Wal-Marts goal was to build strong relationships and develop overall business partners for capable to attain excellent standards in ethical and environmental areas in the supply of quality and safe products and components and then spread this to other suppliers with whom business is to be developed. IN addition Wal-Mart intends to provide suppliers with Valuable knowledge and process assistance through relationships with NGOs in its networks. Wal-Mart set up compliance organization that monitored supplier performance in China and other countries around the world. Wal-Mart complains audit primarily focused on health and safety issues and it measured suppliers against its four identified metrics- Water treatment, Waste management, Banned chemicals and air emissions. Improvement in seafood network around the world was made possible through possible though implementation of MSC- accredited certifying agencies. MSE certification was entrusted to third parties which audited and certified fisheries and processes to ensure that products were managed sustainably from boat to plate. MSE certification firstly was to address sustainability of wild caught fish and later to ACC certification for farm raced fish. Wal-Mart identified 5 primary initiative for setting up of group to rally around MSC certification : Certification, Cluster Farming, Marine Reserves, Public Awareness, External collaboration. Wal-Mart goal was to increase the number of fisheries and processing plants in the MSC certification program. Supplies would refer the fisheries to MSC and have them use MSC eco labels on their products, in order to start buying as much certified fishes as possible. The direct cost of MSC certification was paid for by boat operators and processing plants. Immed iate benefits were seen through the certification initiative because of greater transparency in the sea food supply chain. As MS required a chain of custody to guarantee that the fish was virtually indistinguishable from the rest. Benefits through sustainability were seen in improved transportation efficiencies, elimination of stock-outs and raw material shortages, reduction in supplier costs though standardized packaging, etc. Wal-Mart delegated the implementation of MSC to the suppliers and the suppliers motivated to building the relationship were compelled to adopt the strategies there by gaining trust of Wal-Mart. This building relationships allowed Wal-Mart to talk on behalf of suppliers, defend their points and explain to other associates the importance of this relationships. In Electronic network Wal-Mart identified six key areas of focus: Material innovation, E-Waste, Legislation, Green Engineering, Metrics, Training and Education. Their strategy was to provide their customers with sustainable product choices utilizing a supply chain that improves the quality of life of all stakeholders. Wal-Mart had to make guaranteed orders to the suppliers sell only RoHS-compliant products to customers. By five years they made sure that every computer that they bought in US was RoHS compliant. Wal-Mart also introduced many initiative at reducing e-waste by starting may programs like recycling take-back programs. Wal-Mart also focused on advocating for national standards for both hazardous substances and e-waste. Organic cotton innovation project received top priority of the textiles network. They adopted clear standards (USDA guidelines) for organic cotton farming and manufacturing processes. Got permit to use a certain hazardous chemicals were safer substitutes were not yet commercially available. The strategy in cotton textiles is to develop and environmentally garment made of renewable material combine with he process is efficient with minimum wage and use of inputs with a minimum toxicity. When three chemicals were identified. with a negative ratings it encourage suppliers to use most sustainable substitutes. Wal-Mart was cautious in not sharing widely these metrics for a fear of boomerang on other products in itself, but only told customers that it cared for their health. The game changer project is to reduce the impact of environment and textile manufacture, which of recent origin. It also played it safe by not putting its green tags, not forced the manufacturer to take responsibility for promoting environment and health benefits for their products and left if for them to decide To conclude Wal-Mart saw and overwhelmingly large array of opportunities that remain untapped and decided to continue to identify and pursue the opportunities with max environmental benefits and business value. Improvements in Design and Design Process: Following are some of the strategies that they could implement to improve their business All the Wal-Mart stores can be made using Green constuction all over the world. Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption, Water efficieny, Waste reduction etc. Solar panels could be installed at each the store locations, their by reducing the energy wastage. Energy for extravagant use can be reduced. The neon lights use for advertisement and display of products during late night hours can be given up, energy saved is energy produced. Expand activities in international markets beyond China in the Asian Sub continent. Instead of sticking to price alone importance may be given to quality with a marginal increase in price by Wal-Mart and let the neighborhood stores deal with products of low price to meet corporate social responsibility and to minimize resistance from neighborhood associations . To cut down costs the finished items which are of lesser weight compare to their original raw state like fish and textile may be processed at the place of their availability (even in foreign places) itself and move only the finished items to the distribution centers, and also taking advantage of differential labor cost in to consideration and their logistic advantages. Intense and mandatory training for all employees must be organized. All employees must have profound knowledge about the goals and strategy of the organization. we dont know the formulation, Manufacturers would decide to do this based on their own level of confidence in the sustainability-related attributes of their products Should never happen. Wal-Mart must have a good understanding about the product they sell. Wal-Mart identified three chemicals which has bad impact on health such as chemicals which can cause Cancer and birth defects. Wal-Mart urged suppliers and vendors to use substitutes for these harmful chemicals. Although these three chemicals were substituted, Wal-Mart was unsure about the formulation and aftereffects of these chemicals which made them reluctant to promote or putting their green tags. As the result, the manufactures were forced to complete the necessary scientific research on these substitutes and use safe chemicals. Wal-Marts employees have a basic understanding about the green initiatives. The internal communication programs and external media coverage helps the associates to know more about Wal-Mart Strategy. The most beneficial and valuable input Wal-Mart receive to promote its green products is through its associates as associates are often Wal-Mart customers. These inputs helps Wal-Mart to save time as their employees need a little time to learn about customers preferences. The success of wal mart lies in its sound managerial decisions and the innovative implementation of these decisions. The company believed in the three cardinal principles of :- 1) Customer value and service 2) Partnership with its employees who are regarded as associates, and 3) Community service The gist of the decision implementation by wal mart lies in its ability to build a solid working relationship with both suppliers and employees, taking note of the most intricate details in store layout and necessary merchandising techniques, capitalizing in every cost saving technique, and creating a high performance spirit. All steps are taken to provide customers what they want at the apt time and that too at competitive prices and to build and maintain a reputation for absolute trustworthiness, The wal mart stores operate on every day low prices by passing on savings to their customers, the stores make constant efforts to improve key business process, managing them centrally and investing in them heavily for long term pay back. The stores were quick in testing , adapting and applying a range of cutting- edge merchandising approaches and was able to learn quickly from the success and failures of competitors. The company invested heavily in its unique cross -docking inventory system to achieve economies of scale, making it possible to supply goods just in time and at low prices. Cross- docking at the store level. The company provides individual managers more control at the store level. The company owns its own transportation system to move goods in time from warehouse to shelves much faster than their competitors. It has its own largest and most sophisticated computer system. Its Manually Parallel Processor computer system helps in tracking stock movement and collect timely information related to sales and inventory position disseminated through satellite communication system Wal mart has leveraged its volume buying power with its suppliers. It negotiates the best prices from its vendors and expects commitment of quality goods. The purchasing agents are much focused people. Even though it is a tough negotiator for rock bottom prices, the company worked closely with its suppliers to develop mutual respect and forge long term partnerships for mutual benefit. It also has an automated recorder system linking computers between P G and its stores and distribution centers. The interaction between P G and Wal Mart helps greater co-ordination; P G can reduce costs and pass on savings to wal Mart. Wal Mart buys American products whenever and wherever possible, if these products provide the sane quality and affordability as their foreign counterparts. Environment concerns the wal mart significantly .A prototype store was opened in Lawrence, Kansas, which was designed to be environment friendly, provide environment education and recycling centers. Wal Mart also adopts the low cost theme for its facilities. Temperature is controlled centrally to conserve energy (How successful is wal mart get details of increase in sales, debt position, operating costs, cost of sales and then comment) Problems Wal mart replaced the then leaders -Sears and Kmans in 1991 in retailing. Its strong competitive position and rapid growth performance cant be guaranteed for long. The top position enjoyed by it can be wiped out by one small bad move wiping out all good things in stroke, therefore every single move in its business operations will have to be well thought out and properly executed Wal marts success is mainly due to the single Business Strategy and its Corporate Social Responsibility. It would like to continue its strategy and push hard to increase its market share if not at least maintain it. This strategy has the risk of putting all eggs in one basket. Secondly, if the present trend continues Wal Mart will reach its zenith in the near future. Once this is reached, it will slow down and Company requires diversifying for future growth. Retail stores can compete on several grounds -service, price, exclusively, quality and fashion on which Wal Mart has the competitive edge. However, other merchants object to the entry of Wal Mart as they can not face the competition due to their small scale and many neighborhood stores were driven out. Mounting opposition to big retailers is now a serious problem with neighborhood associations promising to fight the retailers tooth and claws. As a result the road ahead of Wal Mart may not be smooth as expected in the future. Wal Mart increased the number of retail stores and also Super centre divisions to take up grocery retailing also. Wal Mart moved to overseas markets through joint ventures with an international division formed in 1944 to manage international growth located in South America, Europe and Asia. In 2005 October. Lee Scot, wat Marts President announced that Wat Mart was launching a sweeping business sustainability strategy to drastically reduce its impact on the global environment and thus become a competitive and innovative company in the world. He urged the associates and suppliers to be a good steward of the environment under the same time be profitable. He declared that Wal Mart is committed to the three aspiration goals of being supplied with 100% renewable energy, reduce waste to zero level and to sell product that sustain natural resources and the environment. Against it his background, Andrew Ruben, Vice President of corporate and business sustainability and director Tyler and Elm led the sustainability strategy and recognized the fact that the environment can be protected coupled with business value and profitability. With this end in view, Wal Mart focused on the companied three focal areas-sea food, electronics and textiles- and their effect in the companies operations, supplier relationships and results; and explain how the companies measuring and communicating its ideas about sustainability to its associates, customers and the general public.

Refinery And Petrochemical Integrated Development

Refinery And Petrochemical Integrated Development Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated Development is considered as the largest petrochemical complex project currently in the region of South East Asia. RAPID project is located in Pengerang, South Eastern of Johor state. As the main investor, PETRONAS proposed RM60 billion investment for RAPID project. The major production of RAPID is the crude oil refinery with refining capacity of 300,000 BSPD. The crude oil refinery will act as the spine of the project that will supply sufficient feedstock to the petrochemical complex. With conservative estimate, petrochemical complexes will produce an annual combined production of approximately 3 million tonnes of ethylene, propylene, C4 and C5 olefins. The beneficial condition had attracted few company to partner with PETRONAS in the RAPID project. At present, there are five(5) company which had signed an agreement with PETRONAS to jointly own, develop, construct and operate production facilities for a host of specialty chemical products within Petronas proposed RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Those five(5) company are ITOCHU Corporation of Japan PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited, DIALOG, Italy-based Versalis SpA, and Evonik Industries AG. Initially, another German world leading chemical company, BASF, had signed the Head of Agreement (HoA) with PETRONAS. However, in 21 January 2013, PETRONAS announced that the Head of Agreement (HoA) between two parties for a jointly specialty chemicals venture within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor, has been terminated by mutual agreement. Unfortunately, following negotiations, PETRONAS and BASF concluded that it would be in their mutual interest to terminate the HoA as both parties were unable to come to an agreement on the terms and conditions for the implementation of the proposed venture. After the news of termination of HoA between PETRONAS and BASF was released, another company had signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS almost at the same time. Evonik Indutstries AG is fully interested to jointly embark on the development of production facilities of specialty chemicals within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Although there are only six(6) company which have signed agreement to be part into PETRONAS RAPID project, it is widely believed that more potential company are yet to join the PETRONAS RAPID project. Therefore, in this chapter, it mostly covers the background and licensors issue of those six(6) company. At the mean time, this chapter will also cover the difference of the development of production facilities of specialty chemicals among the company in different location. Besides that, it will make the comparison of two company in different petrochemical complex based on several aspects. Moreover, this chapter will include the proposed potential company that are feasibility for PETRONAS RAPID project. In addition, this chapter will also analyze the role playing and licensors issue of the latent company within PETRONAS RAPID project. 4.2 Role Playing and Licensor of Company in PETRONAS RAPID project 4.2.1 PETRONAS PETRONAS is considered as the major investor for RAPID project and will own, construct and operate the oil refinery plant and also naphtha cracker plant. PETRONAS, for being one of the leading oil and gas industrial company in the world, has full of experience in constructing and operating the oil refinery plant and also naphtha cracker plant. PETRONAS no doubt has the profession and technology to handle oil refinery plant which refining a capacity of 300,000 BSPD crude oil. PETRONAS has taken the license technology from the previous licensor, Exxon Mobil Research and Engineering (EMRE). Those 300,000 BSPD of crude oil will be refined and converted into different petroleum products, distributed and supplied to entire petrochemical plants within RAPID project. Currently, RAPID project comprised construction work of few petrochemical plants such as hydrogen peroxide plant with a production capacity of 250,000 MTPA, a 220,000 MTPA isononanol plant, an 110,000 MTPA 1-butene plant and a 1,300MW gas-fired power plant. These are only part of the petrochemical plants within RAPID project. There are few investors have not made decision on the construction of petrochemical plants. The decision will be made later the third quarter of this year. On that time, we will know entire plan of RAPID project. However, we can define their move for RAPID project based on the profile of the company such as ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited. 4.2.2 ITOCHU Corporation of Japan PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited Both ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited are the world leading chemical company in oil and gas industry. The Energy Chemical company under ITOCHU Corporation consists of two divisions: the Energy Division and Chemical Division. The Energy Division facilitates the development and trade of bioethanol, focusing on developments in crude oil, natural gas, and other resources, and the supply chain where trade centres around the world originally operate. On the other side, the Chemical Division handles basic chemicals, synthetic resin, synthetic fibre raw materials, electronic materials, secondary battery-related materials and pharmaceutical products, among others. The company creates synergies in both of these globally operating divisions and have created an optimal value chain in petroleum, gas, and chemicals, in an effort to enrich the lives of people in the world. Another party, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is the amalgamation of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group. The integration results in reaching a total Olefins and Aromatics production capacity of 8.2 million tons per year and petroleum production capacity of 280,000 barrels per day, making it Thailands largest and Asias leading integrated petrochemical and refining company. PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is strengthened with its diversity of product in both Olefins and Aromatics line, which improves its competitive advantage as well as the ability to reduce risk inherent in the petrochemical industry. On 18th May 2012, ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTCG) have signed the Head of Agreement (HoA) with PETRONAS for the development of PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, Chief Executive Officer of PTTGC, said Through this new collaboration, we hope to strengthen our ties and business synergies within the Southeast Asia Region and to also meet the demands of a rapidly growing ASEAN regions population and AEC market growth We hope also to further strengthen our alliance and look forward to a long and sustainable relationship with PETRONAS and ITOCHU far into the future through our collaboration in high value added chemicals to serve the automotive, construction and electronic industries. As mentioned previously, the proposed refinery will have a capacity of 300,000 barrels per standard day and will supply naphtha and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) feedstock for the RAPID petrochemical complex, as well as produce gasoline and diesel that meet European specifications. With such a large amount of crude oil supply, ITOCHU and PTT are able to produce various merchant grades petrochemicals products. In prior, we discuss about the development of ITOCHU Corporation in PETRONAS RAPID project. In fact, ITOCHU Corporation signed a separate Heads of Agreement with PETRONAS and PTT Global Chemical, an integrated refinery, petrochemical, and aromatic player, towards the development of the new project for a few petrochemical downstream projects within the Project RAPID. It is widely believed that the production facilities should be close to the chemical industrial area covered by ITOCHU previously. Therefore, we bravely concluded that ITOCHU Chemical Division will own, develop, constru ct and operate a petrochemical downstream project in PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Generally, ITOCHU trades an extensive lineup of products, including basic chemicals, plastics, electronic materials, and pharmaceutical raw materials. ITOCHU has the higher opportunity to operate synthetic fibre production plant. The licensor of synthetic fibre production plant could be UOP Technology. UOP Technology provide the license of technology for ITOCHU and allow ITOCHU to use the particular technology to operate the synthetic fibre production plant. ITOCHU will demand the feedstock of synthetic fibre from PETRONAS oil refinery as there is sufficient capacity of up to 300,00 BSPD refining crude oil supply. Similarity, as the collaboration partner, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTGC), collaborate with ITOCHU Corporation and PETRONAS, to own, develop, construct, and operate at least two petrochemical plants in RAPID project. The petrochemical plants are not specified yet until now. However, based on the speech of Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, Chief Executive Officer of PTTGC, it is widely believed that the production of specialty chemical is mostly high value added chemical to serve the automotive, construction, and electronic industries. The future plan announced by PTTGC mentions that there is $11 billion capex by year 2020. PETRONAS RAPID project is also included and considered as one of the significant project in the future plan. The final decision will be on the middle of this year. Nevertheless, we strongly believed PTTGC, associated with ITOCHU Corporation to operate olefins downstream production plant and aromatic plant. Generally, ethylene and propylene can produce polyeth ylene, polypropylene, HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE. The capacity of these products is considered large in amount as there is sufficient olefins supply. Besides that, aromatic products such as benzene, toluene and mixed-xylene are also produced through the petrochemical plant as well to supply them as raw materials to generate the downstream industries such as polystyrene. Alongside the massive production of olefins, aromatics, and by-product produced, PETRONAS RAPID is expected to fulfil the requirement and massive demand of feedstock from South East Asia country and Asia country especially China. PETRONAS RAPID is expected to step out to become the major and leading raw material supplier within the region in South East Asia and even the entire Asia region. PTTGC operates the aromatics plant and produces and distributes primary aromatics, namely benzene, paraxylene, orthoxylene, toluene, mixed xylenes, and cyclohexane (intermediate product) as feedstock for intermediate and downstream industries. PTTGC runs two aromatics plants, it boast the technology of UOP, a world-renowned licensor known for constant upgrading. Both facilities allow feedstock and product exchange to optimize paraxylene and benzene production. PTTGC plans to produce a total of more than 2.05 million tons of aromatics with an 88% utilization rate and continuous process efficiency improvement which over the past few years record. Alongside the experience of operating the aromatic plant, PTTGC knows the efficiency improvement move and straightly apply into PETRONS RAPID project. The successive moves such as replacement of heat exchanger of the distillation tower to produce 25,000 tons per year of additional paraxylene and installation of pipeline system to the refinery to produce reformate to add value to excess sour naphtha from aromatics plant. PTTGC may apply the technologies into the aromatics plant in RAPID project and produces greater amount and quality of products. PTTGC may rise RAPID project become the leading petrochemical complex in Asia region. On the other sides, PTTGC Group obtains olefins (a collective name for ethylene and propylene) from PETRONAS naphtha cracker plant for intermediate and downstream petrochemical plants in the industrial estate, for HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE plants within the Group, and for the ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol (EO/EG) plant, wholly owned by PTTGC. The Group produces and sells olefins by-products, namely mixed C4, pyrolysis gasoline, tail gas, cracker bottom, and hydrogen, to domestic and foreign customers. To supplement value to these, PTTGC will operate the butene-1 and butadiene project from mixed C4 with a combined capacity of about 100,000 tons per year. Today, the plants basic engineering design has been completed, with a start-up date in about the second quarter of 2014. In addition, it is widely believed that PTTGC will owns, constructs and operates a 1,300MW gas-fired power plant within RAPID project. The gas-fired power plant supply power throughout the entire RAPID project. The feedstock used to generate the power plant is natural gas that obtained from the crude oil. In order to achieve green environment, the feedstock also can be obtained from the recycled natural gas from other petrochemical plant. This action has not only achieve green environment yet it helps to cut the cost of production. 4.2.3 Italy-based Versalis SpA Italy-based Versalis SpA is the third petrochemical company to join PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. On 17th July 2012, PETRONAS and Itay-based Versalis SpA have signed for Head of Agreement (HoA) to jointly own, develop, construct, and operate elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Based on the report statement, under the terms of the HoA, the proposed joint venture will produce and market synthetic rubbers by using Versalis technology license and technology know-how. Versalis (formerly known as Polimeri Europa) is a petrochemical company and flagship company of Eni SpA, an Italian multinational oil and gas company. It handles the production and marketing of a wide portfolio of petrochemical products, using a range of proprietary technologies and state-of-the-art production systems and a wide-reaching and efficient distribution network. Versalis provides its own technology of license and proves that Versalis has much confidence to the application of technology for the elastomer plant. For your information, the patent and proprietary technology portfolio ranges from basic products to polymers phenol and derivatives, polyethylene, styrenics and elastomers, but also catalysts, and special chemical products. Versalis contributes a lot of efforts to develop its own proprietary technology by using the direct experience earned at its research and development centre, its production plants, and also considering the feedbacks of the market towards its products. Throughout this approach, Versalis manages to optimize and strengthen the designing of the single devices and plants, of their performances, of the performances of the proprietary catalysts, of the characteristics of the products getting outstanding results in all the technologies of the companys business areas. And this is the reason that Versalis intends to use its o wn technology license. The elastomer technology used for the elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project are: (1) emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (e-SBR), (2) solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (s-SBR), (3) SBS copolymers technology (SBS), (4) NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers technology (NBR), and (5) High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology (HCBR NEOCIS). These technology are mostly believed to be brought and applied into the elastomer plant with PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang Johor. The brief introduction of each technology is needed for more understanding. Emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is one of the most common used polymers in worldwide, used in a large variety of applications which significantly provide good quality of our life. The Versalis proprietary technology achieves wide-range of products which covers all e-SBR field of application like tires, footwears, light coloured and etc. Besides that, High Solids SBR Latices, whose main applications are in moulded foam, gel and non-gel carpet foam and stiffness enhancer Latices, are also leading product based on Versalis proprietary technology. Other the other hand, solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is the most suitable feedstock for highly specified tyre components used in the fabrication of high performance tyres, where the lowest fuel consumption and the highest durability are required. In order to maintain the quality of polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, s-SBR proprietary technology has been developed as an alternative to emulsion technology to produce new product grades and also to significantly reduce some environmental impact of the emulsion technology. Following by Versalis SBS technology, it is flexible in catering the different product grades required by the SBS market to meet new application requirements. Hence, the competitive production of the most common SBS grades and the additional SBS grades for special applications are allowed by Versalis SBS technology. Besides that, NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers are copolymers of butadiene (BD) and acrylonitrile (AN) produced by initiation redox catalyst systems to an emulsion polymerisation reaction . The high resistance to oils over a wide temperature range is certainly one of most important feature of Nitrile Rubber. Furthermore, goods NBR-based are normally high strength and resistance to abrasion properties. Originally, Versalis used cold radicalic polymerization technology for NBR production and was then continuously improved and modified its own NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers production technology based on market requests and feedbacks to meet the safety regulation requirement. At last, High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology was first developed in the 80s, with the aim to produce rubber grades with specific properties in tyre sector as well as in other industrial applications. Typical High Cis Polibutabiene rubber plant consists of one reaction section, one finishing line and one packaging line. Based on the technology development and experience taken in operation of elastomer plant, it is widely believed that Versalis will focus on the partnership alongside with excellent proven elastomer operation records and wealth of experience and expertise that would significantly contribute towards strengthening PETRONAS and Malaysias position as a key downstream petrochemical player in the South East Asia region or the entire Asia region. 4.2.4 Evonik Industries AG PETRONAS is pleased to announce that a Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed with Evonik Industries AG to jointly engage on the development of production facilities of chemical specialty within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang , Johor. On 13 January 2013, Evonik Industries AG officially signed the Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS and became the latest petrochemical company investing in RAPID project followed by ITOCHU Corporation, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited, and Italy-based Versalis SpA. Evonik, the creative industrial group from Germany, is one of the world leaders in specialty chemicals. Evoniks corporate strategy manages to maintain profitable growth and a sustained increase in the value of the company. Basically, its activities focus on the key megatrends health, nutrition, resource efficiency and globalization. Evonik benefits specifically from its innovative prowess and integrated technology platforms. Under the LOI, Evonik Industries AG planned to form a partnership with PETRONAS to jointly own, develop, construct and operate facilities for the production of hydrogen peroxide, C4 co-monomer and oxo-products within RAPID project.. The proposed plants within RAPID project are expected to produce a capacity of 250,000 metric tons of hydrogen peroxide, 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) and 110,000 metric tons of 1-butene annually. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide will be used to produce propylene oxide by the licensed, eco-friendly hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide (HPPO) process. The licensed technology, HPPO process, was jointly developed by Evonik and ThyssenKrupp Uhde. Evonik is one of the worlds largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4 based products with production facilities in Europe, North America, South America, New Zealand, Asia, South Africa and Indonesia. The worldwide capacity of hydrogen peroxide production is in excess of 600.000 tons per year. With more than 100 years of experience in peroxygen chemistry, Evonik is believed able to provide high quality products backed up by professional technical, engineering and sales support within PETRONAS RAPID project. The hydrogen peroxide plant is expected to boast an annual production capacity of 250,000 metric tons thus increasing the current overall hydrogen peroxide in worldwide. The group believes it is going to become the largest manufacturer of hydrogen peroxide. Today, hydrogen peroxide is widely used for various chemical industries. Therefore, it is a wise approach to operate hydrogen peroxide production plant within RAPID project. Generally, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally friendly chemical used for oxidation reactions, bleaching process in pulp, paper, and textile industries, various waste water and air treatment, and for various disinfection applications. Nevertheless, Evonik has decided to implement the HPPO process with its own technology licensing which is developed by Evonik and ThyssenKrupp Uhde within RAPID project. The innovative HPPO process allows the oxidant to be used to produce propylene oxide. The HPPO process benefits that it requires significantly less investment and allows a high degree of production efficiency. It is also an extremely eco-friendly process. Besides that, oxo-products production plant such as isononanol (INA) production plant will be implemented within RAPID project by Evonik. Basically, isononanol (INA) is the most important raw material used for manufacturing large-volume of plasticizers. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that are used to make PVC materials to be flexible. The plastics become softer and more elastic and pliable for certain desired use. Plasticizers change the physical properties of the plastics without chemically react with the materials. As expected, Evonik plans to produce 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) annually through the plant within RAPID project. This amount of capacity are believed sufficiently for demands throughout the South East Asia region. Most of the isononanol produced renders in the manufacture of DINP (di isononyl phthalate). The technology licensor for the isononanol (INA) production plant will be ThyssenKrupp Uhde. Uhde offers its first-class proprietary technology for the isononanol production plant within RAPID project. Similarly, the proprietary technology is developed based on research and production plants for many years. With this type of approach, the proprietary technology benefits that allows a high degree of efficiency with less investment requirement. In addition, Evonik has confirmed to operate a capacity of 110,000 metric tons annually 1-butene production plant within RAPID project. Evonik uses its own proprietary technology to operate the 1-butene production plant. Basically, 1-butene is used mainly as a co-monomer for polyethylene (LLDPE, HDPE) or co-monomer for ethylene/propylene copolymers. The advantage of 1-butene is mainly to improve for the tear strength of the polymer. Moreover, it is also used as intermediate for the production of various products such as antioxidants, plasticizers, herbicides, corrosion inhibitors or additives to lubricating and hydraulic oils. Evonik Industries AG are focusing on RAPID project seriously as they implement three main petrochemical production plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. As the Member of the Executive Board of Evonik, Dr. Dahai Yu said, The entire project is set to mark another milestone in our growth strategy in the Asian market. This is why were seeking for a strong long-term strategic partner like PETRONAS. The partnership is expected to strengthen the PETRONAS position as the key downstream petrochemical player as well as to position Malaysia as the number one oil and gas hub in the Asia Pacific region by 2017. Throughout the collaboration, Evonik Industries AG further consolidates its position as one of the world largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4-based products. 4.3 The Comparison of RAPID Project and Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex 4.3.1 Construction and Operation Area Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex is playing the significant role in the development of Malaysian petrochemical complexes of the east coast industrial corridor. Although isolated from the nations mainstream economic activities and politically distinctive, these former fishing villages have been transformed into Malaysias petrochemical industrial hub within a thirty years period. Similarly, RAPID project also transforms the fishing villages in Pengerang, Johor into another larger petrochemical industrial hub comparing to the one in east coast industrial corridor (ECIC). Currently, Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have become the leading role to multi-national petroleum, gas and chemical giants and are widely believed to have received highest concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. However, Upon target commissioning date in 2016, RAPID will become the largest petrochemical industrial hub within Asia Pacific Region. Kerteh and Gebeng are two different locations but planned to become industrial townships within the east coast industrial corridor (ECIC) of Peninsula Malaysia. The two town are connected by a dedicated railway. In contrast, RAPID project is planned to constructed at only one town area without any connections from other places. The figure 5.3 and figure 5.4 illustrate the Integrated Petrochemical Complex at Gebeng and location plan of RAPID project. Currently KPIC covers over 2,800 acres of land, and is planned to expand to cover about 13,200 acres by the year 2010. In present, GPIC covers about 8900 acres and it is expected to expand to about 23,700 acres by the year 2008. Initially, as statement from DEIA report, RAPID project is planned to cover 6,242 acres of land in Pengerang. The land covered will be further under expansion to be larger than the combination of IPC in Kerteh and Gebeng and in Melaka on the commissioning date by 2016. Verbund site 4.3.2 Capacity of Crude Oil Refinery In past, KIPC was only used as a crude oil channel, and as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) refinery. KIPC channels a capacity of 400,000 BSPD crude oil and 2,200 million cubic feet of LPG. Furthermore, KIPC also received some 250 million of LPG from Indonesia. Comparing to RAPID whereby RAPID is expected to have a refining capacity of 300,00 BSPD of crude oil. Upon target commissioning date in 2016, the countrys total refining capacity is to be increased to 935,300 barrels daily (bpd) from the current 635,300 bpd produced by the PETRONAS refineries in Kertih and Melaka. The refinery production of crude oil in RAPID project is illustrated in figure 4.5. For petrochemical related products, the current production capacity from the PETRONAS complexes in Gebeng and Kerteh is around 2.6 million KMTPA and upon RAPID operation, there will be an increase in production capacity to 6.5 million (KMTPA). It proves that the production capacity of RAPID project is expected to be much greater than GIPC and KIPC. Both Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex and RAPID project have received high concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have attracted foreign company to join partnership to own, develop, construct and operate petrochemical plants. In GIPC, the PETRONAS and its joint-venture plants, the Gebeng IPC is also host to a number of multinational chemical companies, such as Amoco Chemicals, which owns and operates a purified terephthalic acid plant, and Eastman Chemicals, which owns and operates a copolyester plastic resin plant. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity. The MTBE plant produces a capacity of 300,000 pta of MTBE and 80,000 pta of propylene. Besides that, propane dehydrogenation plant produces another capacity of 300,000 pta of propylene. The propylene production plant also add on produces 80,000 pta of propylene. In addition, the BPC Acrylics Complex produces four(4) various of chemical products which are 160,000 tpa Crude Acrylic Acid, 20,000 tpa Glacial Acrylic Acid, 100,000 tpa Butyl-Acrylate, 60,000 tpa 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate. Furthermore, BPC Oxo-Alcohols and Syngas produces five(5) petrochemical products like 80,000 tpa 2-Ethyhexanol, 40,000 tpa Phthalic Anhydride, 100,000 tpa Plasticizers, 160,000 tpa Butanols, 170,000 tpa Syngas. For BPC Butanediol Complex, a capacity of 100,000 tpa Butanediol is produced through the complex. PETRONAS Integrated Petrochemical Complex (IPC) located within the PETRONAS Petroleum Industry Complex (PPIC) in Kertih, Terengganu is an important link in our gas value chain. Receiving gas feedstock from the fields offshore Terengganu, the Kertih IPC principally consists of ethylene-based petrochemical plants. The plants located within this IPC include two ethylene crackers, a polyethylene plant, an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant, a multi-unit derivatives plant, vinyl chloride monomer/PVC plants, ammonia/synthesis gas plants, an acetic acid plant, an aromatics complex and a low-density polyethylene plant. These plants are owned and operated mainly on a joint venture basis with various foreign partners with the advanced technology and experience, financial strength and market access to add value to the business. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity. The ethylene plant produces a capacity of 400,000 pta of ethylene. Besides that, poly ethylene plant produces capacity of 200,000 pta of polyethylene and 55,000 pta of pipe compounding. The vinyl chloride monomer production plant also produces 400,000 pta of vinyl chloride monomer. In addition, the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plant produces a capacity of 160,000 tpa PVC, Furthermore, Amonia and Syngas plant produces 450,000 tpa ammonia and 325,000 tpa Syngas. For acetic acid plant, a capacity of 400,000 tpa acetic acid is produced through the plant. The aromatics plant produces capacity production of 500,000 tpa Paraxylene and 188,000 tpa Benzene. Olefins (Second Cracker ) mainly produces 600,000 tpa Ethylene and 95,000 tpa Propylene for downstream production. Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol production plant produce capacity of 140,000 tpa Ethylene Oxide and 385,000 tpa Ethylene Glycols respectively. Ethylene Derivatives production plant produces five(5) petrochemical products such as 30,000 tpa Ethoxylates, 75,000 tpa Ethanolamines, 60,000 tpa Glycol Ethers, 140,000 tpa Butanol and 50,000 tpa Butyl Acetate to contributes for downstream production uses. The Low Density Polyethylen production plant produces a capacity of 255,000 tpa LDPE. For RAPID project, the capacity of production plants is clearly figured out in previous chapter. Therefore, for the information regarding the capacity of production within RAPID project, you are advised to refer the previous chapter. 4.4 The Comparison of RAPID Project and Titan Petrochemical Complex in Pasir Gudang 4.4.1 Location and Construction and Operation Area Titan petrochemical complex is owned and operated by Titan Chemical Group currently with the name of Lotte Chemical Titan Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Titan petrochemical complex constructed its first facility in Malaysia, a RM300 million polypropylene plant in year 1989. With

Lincoln’s Birthday :: Essays Papers

Lincoln’s Birthday This book is a compilation of letters written to and by the revered president, Abraham Lincoln. This makes it so that the same stories are told from different perspectives. All together this book is filled with historically accurate information. The opening passage is Lincoln’s own Autobiography. I wish I could insert the entire passage. I think the closing paragraph is a wonderful description of the man, both in appearance and in demeanor. â€Å"If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said I am in height six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes – no other marks or brands recollected. â€Å"Yours very truly, A. Lincoln.† On the stormy morning of Sunday, February 12, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, wife of Thomas, gave birth to a boy. He was born on a bed of poles covered with cornhusks. The baby was named Abraham after his grandfather. In 1811 the Lincolns moved to a farm on Knob Creek, what was also near Hodgenville. In 1811 or 1812, Abraham's younger brother, Thomas, died in infancy. Abraham spent a short amount of time in a log schoolhouse. He began to learned reading, writing, and cipherin’ to the rule of three, from a teacher named Zachariah Riney. He attended school with his sister, Sarah. Late in 1816 the Lincoln family moved to southern Indiana and settled near present day Gentry Ville. A cabin was constructed near Little Pigeon Creek. It measured 16 X 18 feet, and it had only one window. Abraham's mother, Nancy, passed away on October 5th, 1818, she died of milk sickness. In 1819, Abraham would barrow books from his neighbors to read. In 1821 Abraham attended school taught by James Swaney for about 4 months. In 1824 Abraham also attended school taught by Azel Dorsey. In 1827 Abraham's sister, Sarah died giving birth to her son. In 1831, Lincoln decided to leave his family and go off on his own, but not before spending a year to build his parents a house. In July he moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he boarded at Rutledge's tavern and became acquainted with the owner's daughter, Ann. New Salem was a frontier village consisting of one long street on a bluff over the Sangamon River. During the Black hawk War Lincoln was elected captain of the volunteer militia.